CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 1 DC Circuits - Measurement and Analysis 1.1 Introduction In today's high technology world, the electrical engineer is faced with the design and analysis of an increasingly wide variety of circuits and systems. The Zener diode should be connected in reverse bias. A Comprehensive Look at Sources of Error in DC Voltage ... PDF Experiment 6: Ohm's Law, RC and RL Circuits Check this result by calculating from Ohm's Law equation. • The decreasing angles from the sun (light source) result in lower current readings. PDF Experiment 4 ~ Resistors in Series & Parallel Connect all the components by leads and . General sources of errors. . Figure 1 shows a complete amplifier circuit, which consists of an input voltage source Vs in series with the source resistance Rs, and an output "load" resistance RL. PDF Experiments with PV Cells - University of Oregon sources of errors for rate of conduction of heat in copper, nickel, tin, brass and aluminium: -human reaction time error: was slow when timing the exact time the match stick fell. However, underlying all of these systems at a fundamental level is the operation of DC circuits. Hypothesis. You will learn much about the terminology, tools, and basic laws that govern circuits in an electrical engineering laboratory. . To force the simulator to calculate a more accurate solution, tighten or reduce RELTOL. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) Sources of Error ... Other Sources of Measurement Error 2 Theory 2.1 Inductors An inductor is a 2-terminal circuit element that stores energy in its magnetic eld . What are some of the scientific sources of errors ... - eNotes Explain how they can be minimized. There may have been loose connections in the circuit. All connections should be neat, clean and tight. Figure VI-1 shows a circuit with driving voltage . may even allow you to eliminate some possible errors at source, e.g. First, all the sources in the network must be independent sources. The calculated equivalent resistances for the series circuits will abide by the equation R eq = R 1 + R 2 and for the parallel circuits the value will be similar to 1/R eq = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2. The DMM was wired across the voltage source and was used to set the initial voltage across the capacitor. Varying V BB gradually, note down base current I B and base-emitter voltage V BE. Random Errors Random errors in experimental measurements are caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the experiment. Answer (1 of 3): Strange question. This class of errors mainly covers human mistakes in reading measuring instruments and recording and calculating measurement results. Examples of illegitimate errors include: measuring Gross errors are caused by mistake in using instruments or meters, calculating measurement and recording data results. Each of these errors are said to be systematic errors and could affect the amount of current passed through each of the wires causing the temperature of the wires to increase. For building we must choose a diode that can safely withstand the current the circuit will have to provide, and also the reverse bias voltage that will be applied to it. Though, there were possible sources of errors which are listed above, the first part of the experiment failed i.e. 6. zener diode Precautions: 1. The record note book will be checked in the beginning of the lab class. Answer (1 of 2): I was a college junior majoring in Physics, and enrolled in an experimental nuclear lab course. RELTOL is the relative tolerance of node voltages and branch currents in the circuit. ME Lab Report 0 50.2 Objective The objective of this lab is to build and test a first order, low-pass filter with resistors and capacitors. In case of Ohm's law, you can commit a personal error by: Wrong connecting the circuit. It is calculated by the experimenter that the effect of the voltmeter on the circuit being measured is less than 0.003% and hence . This increase in temperature can also increase the amount of resistance, causing our actual readings to be significantly different from the theoretical resistance. There are three main sources of experimental uncertainties (experimental errors): 1. sources of errors for thermal expansion of ball and ring: - mechanical error: electrical glitches . For voltage and current measurements, a Fluke model 8050A digital multimeter was used with standard multimeter probes. In Figure 1 below the circuit you will later construct is shown. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL. - mechanical error: electrical glitches when using the stop watch. In addition to that you can get errors by using nominal values of circuit element ratings, instead of measuring the ratings. The capacitor (initially uncharged) is connected to a voltage source of constant emf E. At t = 0, the switch S is closed. Capacitors block DC voltage and thus can be ignored in this circuit. Regular or repeats in nature and also can be controllable. Read the meters (voltmeters and ammeters) in such a way to avoid parallax. Current times Voltage equals Power. dependent voltage source AVi in series with the output resistance Ro, where Vi is the potential difference between the input port terminals. 2.1 Circuit. Demonstrate good analysis skills, applying logic and reasoning. Learning about errors in the lab The School of Physics First Year Teaching Laboratories are intended to be places of learning through supervised, self-directed experimentation. Display the circuit values by making sure that the "values" checkbox is marked. From this figure, it can be seen . RC Circuits Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2. Background My circuit is then identical to the circuit in section III.2. when d was compared to σ d as the value of d (76.08KHz) is greater than the value for σ d (24.9 KHz) but in the second part where we compared the value of d ( to σ d (for the inductance, we can see that it's a success as the . V(t) =V 0 cos(ωt) connected in series with a resistor, inductor, and capacitor. 2. The signal phase in turn is vulnerable to disturbance by short-term fluctuations in the radiofrequency phase, probe tuning, reference frequency, or magnetic field, and to longer-term . In this lab we will use microfarad capacitors (1 µF = 10-6 F). Experiment #3: Validating Kirchhoff's Laws using a Breadboard Laboratory Outline In today's lab we'll carry on developing the fundamental knowledge and skills you'll need to conduct basic experiments. . 15 ZENER DIODE . The time it takes for this to happen is determined by the values of the resistor and the capacitor: τ = RC (2) (2) τ = R C This is the definition of the time constant. However slight errors remain due to variations in the resistance of the individual wires. All connections should be neat, clean and tight. Sources of error: 1.The junction diode supplied may be faulty. Otherwise we cannot use this theorem. On the right of the simulation window there is a dropdown menu for "Battery Resistance". The ammeter is used to . Random Errors These changes may occur in the measuring instruments or in the environmental conditions. I'm racking my brain to think of an experiment where I'm using an RC circuit. Errors from nominal or variation with frequency of either the source output impedance or load impedance will have an effect on the signal level developed across the load . The formulas for resistance is as before: m m m 1 V -V V R =R Measurements of V and Vm are made using the oscilloscope. For this experiment, six different circuits were connected and in each case, the current flowing in and out of the circuit's component(s) was recorded and discussed. Maybe a . Radio Frequency Interference -- Most voltage-measuring instruments can generate false readings in the presence of . CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 3 AC Circuit Analysis 3.1 Introduction The steady-state behavior of circuits energized by sinusoidal sources is an important area of study for several reasons. (b) In a metre bridge, the balance point is found at a distance l 1 with resistances R and S as shown in the figure. It is being a circuit experiment, its necessary for the students to identify the difference between series and parallel connections to the device. 1) Gross Errors. 4. Indeed, Instrumental Errors; Environmental Errors; Observational Errors Theoretical Errors; Random Errors. Illegitimate errors involve making gross mistakes in the experimental setup, in taking or recording data, or in calculating results. SOURCES OF SIGNAL IRREPRODUCIBILITY 317 is the apparent signal phase, with amplitude and frequency errors rarely causing problems in well-designed experiments. RECORD NOTE LAYOUT 1. INTRODUCTION This laboratory is about verifying the transient behavior of RC and RL . 1. Limitations and simplifications of the experimental procedure - e.g., we commonly Choose an internal resistance and circle your selection in the table below. Here is a simple RC circuit. Sources of error: 1.The junction diode supplied may be faulty. This would increase the accuracy of the experiment and the time constant that is obtained. In general, these type of errors will happen throughout the experiments, wherever the researcher might study or record a worth different from the real one, possibly due to a reduced view. Discuss where and what could influence the accuracy of the data (sources of errors). by choosing a suitable meter scale, blocking out stray light, etc. Such devices can easily be connected to electrical circuits such that the lead wire resistances cancel each other. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Gross Errors Gross errors can be defined as physical errors in analysis apparatus or calculating and recording measurement outcomes. Initially vary V BB in steps of 0.1V. (a) (b) Figure 2 (a) RC circuit (b) Circuit diagram for t > 0 Get an answer for 'What are some of the scientific sources of errors one can include in a lab? For instance, in your theoretical calculations did you use "6 V" as your source voltage? 2. lab is concerned with the characteristics of inductors and circuits consisting of a resistor and an inductor in series (RLcircuits). 7. 3. Plot of IV curve for a solar cell. Lab 8 - RLC Resonance. The components of a lab report are important to any scientific explanation of an experiment. Experiment 1: RC Circuits 7 2.2 Complex Impedance When one is interested in finding the voltage of an element in an AC circuit, the method of complex impedance is very useful. 5. However, the tighter the accuracy becomes, the more likely it is to encounter convergence errors. • Open circuit voltage readings should be smaller when the PV cell is cold, though this temperature effect may be too minor to observe on a small scale. High frequency signal sources, including oscilloscope calibrators, have 50Ω outputs and are calibrated in terms of the level developed across a correctly terminated load. Using a virtual oscilloscope to measure the current as a function of frequency of an applied voltage, our goal was to determine . Open in App. The capacitor (initially uncharged) is connected to a voltage source of constant emf E. At t = 0, the switch S is closed. Figure 2 illustrates the first of two circuits constructed for this experiment. Is this for a homework or school project? The primary focus will be on the response of an RL circuit to a step voltage and a voltage square wave. Apply a 4.0 V (peak-to-peak) sinusoidal wave as input voltage to the circuit. This type of "balance" circuit . Connect the flrst resistor flrst to the voltage supply, next to the multimeter being used as an ammeter, and then to the multimeter being used as a voltmeter. . Lab 5 - This is a Lab report for a physics experiment on RC Circuits; Series and Parallel Circuits Lab Report; physics 4AChapter 2 In this circuit, the resistance includes every known resistance R in the circuit, which can come from the internal resistance of the generator, the resistance of the inductor, and any real resistors connected. 2 Theory 2.1 Inductors An inductor is a 2-terminal circuit element that stores energy in its magnetic eld . Learn why all science experiments have error, how to calculate it, and the sources and types of errors you should report. Without a source of energy to drive the circuit no current (electric charge) will flow. Dependent sources rely on other sources, and will not work if other sources are turned off Secondly, one can use superposition theorem to calculate a voltage or a current, but not a power The experiment circuit is shown in Figure 1. The primary focus will be on the response of an RL circuit to a step voltage and a voltage square wave. Margaret Wettergreen PHY 2049L 03/13/2014 Lab #8: RLC Resonance Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to study series resonance in an RLC circuit (composed of a resistor, inductor, and capacitor). As we learned from the Ohm's law experiment, an electrical circuit is any continuous path or array of paths along which current may flow. Experiment No. Easy. The other components in the circuit were the voltage source, a digital multimeter (DMM), a chart recorder, the filament lamp, and a two-way switch. Part 1: Setting up your circuit. 6. Set the Source on Channel A of the oscilloscope, and the voltage across the ca[pcitance on Before coming to the lab, the students should write the experiment number, date, aim, formula, least count calculation, ray diagram or circuit diagram, tabular column neatly in the record note book. Systematic errors are due to identified causes and can, in principle, be eliminated. Sources of Error: 1. The voltage may been too high. These circuits will not be simple, thus Kirchhoff's Laws will be required to determine the current in each resistor. If you understand what we are doing in this experiment, you will be all set to do well on the midterm questions about circuits! Your circuit should be similar to the circuit diagram in Figure 3. In this experiment you will be using a square wave Here we will discuss, the errors, which are common to all types. 2. 2. (a) (b) Figure 2 (a) RC circuit (b) Circuit diagram for t > 0 Sources of error are vital to understanding the benefits and flaws of . 4. He finally published the law in 1827 and generalized his observations in single statement: The current flowing through the resistor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it. Failing to label voltage polarities and current When you analyze any circuit, the first step is to properly label the voltage polarities and the current direction for each device in the circuit. Diodes are rated for maximum average forward current, Examples of causes of random errors are: electronic noise in the circuit of an electrical instrument, irregular changes in the heat loss rate from a solar collector due to changes in the wind. Long wires or connections can cause clutter on a bench, and very short wires or connections can be too tight and may be easily . Before making any connections, make sure the power supply is turned ofi. 1. In order to reduce the errors of the experiment, it would be recommended to use a LabQuest in the data collection process. In this experiment, we will construct two circuits with 4 resistors and a voltage source. III. We will then use a digital multi-meter to obtain an experimental value for the voltage across each resistor in the circuits. i) Systematic Errors: These systematic errors are. 2.) Put your eye directly above the pointer such that the reflection of the pointer in the glass cannot be seen or they both line up In this lab we will use microfarad capacitors (1 µF = 10-6 F). Your wires and circuit elements have zero resistance (except for resistors of course). Voltmeter and microammeter of appropriate least count and ranges are to be . EXPERIMENT #1 STUDY OF RC AND RL CIRCUITS Venue: Microelectronics Laboratory in E2 L2 I. Only make changes to the experimental setup when the circuit power is turned off and all power sources read zero voltage and zero current, as applicable. Use wires of suitable length for their appropriate applications. Where a voltage source was required, a Heath model 2918 tri-power supply was connected to the circuit. Step size is not fixed because of non linear curve. The components of the circuit may not have been connected correctly. Other related documents. Two alligator clips were used to form a switch. RC Circuits Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2. (a) Write the principle of working of a metre bridge. IV. Ohm performed repeated experiments on a resistor, applied different voltages, measured current and found relationship between these quantities. Eventually, the capacitor will reach the same potential difference as the batter . 3. First, the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electric energy occur under essentially sinusoidal steady-state conditions. Also, the resistance of the external circuit. Once the current starts increasing vary V BB in steps of 0.1V. There may have been parallax errors when reading the instruments . State any two possible sources of errors in meter-bridge experiment. The responsibility of the mistake normally lies with the experimenter. If the errors are dependent (based on the same source of error) they add linearly: When Example Method Adding or subtracting I = x + x y = x 1 - x 2 p = 2(l + h . Theory: In the first part of this experiment we will study the properties of resistors, which are connected "in . lab is concerned with the characteristics of inductors and circuits consisting of a resistor and an inductor in series (RLcircuits). Calibration errors, variation in the contact pressure, variation in the atmospheric pressure, Parallax error, misalignment errors are the sources of Systematic errors. Using Kirchhoff's Law we have: V S V L V C V R 0 (6) Figure 1 LRC circuit for this experiment Using Equations 1, 2 and 3 in Equation 6 results in: V S L dI dt 1 C ³ Idt IR 0 (7) Now let us assume that V S is constant in time. Influence of Context and Assumptions/Student's Position (CT)/Assumptions & Application (EQS): e. Provide a brief comment on the strengths and weaknesses of the experiment. PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR 1. In the first circuit, a bulb, two current probes, and a switch were connected in series to a 3V DC power source. Low-Level Measurement Errors AC voltage measurements less than 100 mV are especially susceptible to errors introduced by extraneous noise sources. depends on the values of the capacitance and the resistance in the circuit and is given by the equation TC = RC (2) A capacitor needs a time period equal to 5 time constants to charge up to 0.993 (or 99.3%) of 3. It is also important to test any explanation of High frequency signal sources, including oscilloscope calibrators, have 50Ω outputs and are calibrated in terms of the level developed across a correctly terminated load. Rectifier type. Short circuit current (the current A circuit usually contains a battery or other sources of EMF (electromotive force) to create the current. This chapter is largely a tutorial on handling experimental errors of measurement. Lab Pro Interface Batteries, 1.5 volt D-cell, two (2) Computer with Logger Pro Ohmmeter (DMM) . As resistance increases, current through the circuit increases. Errors Due to Wheatstone Bridge Nonlinearity TECH NOTE Tech Note TN-507-1 Vishay Micro-Measurements Document Number: 11057 Revision 02-Mar-07 www.vishaymg.com 78 used only to establish initial bridge balance before the gages are strained, and that the balance controls do not form part of the readout circuit. In general, the complex impedance is defined as follows: Z V ~ I ~ (11) where Z is complex (of the form a ib where a & b are real numbers) and V ~ & I ~ are of the form V . The filament lamp in this experiment obeyed Ohm's law for the majority of the experiment. One assignment was to repeat the famous Rutherford scattering experiment, where an alpha emitter of known kinetic energy is targeted at a thin gold foil, and the scattered kinetic ener. Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in figure. Three wire devices can be used to largely overcome errors introduced by the extension wires. The best example of these errors is a person or operator reading pressure gage 1.01N/m2 as 1.10N/m2. Sources of errors when working with experiments dealing with Electricity. Limited accuracy of the measuring apparatus - e.g., the force sensors that we use in experiment M2 cannot determine applied force with a better accuracy than ±0.05 N. 2. View solution > State any two sources of errors in the meter-bridge experiment. 4 Series & Parallel Resistive Circuits 2. The magnitude response of the filter to sinusoidal inputs of various frequencies will be measured and compared to values predicted from electrical circuit theory. How many they be minimised? The Wheatstone Bridge physics lab report the wheatstone bridge method prof. tsiklauri carlos vides phy 225 lab objective to experimentally determine unknown 2. For high enough frequency the impedance of a capacitor becomes very small with respect to the D.C. or A.C. (current & voltage) It is obvious from the list that there are so many types of instruments used as ammeter and voltmeter. The experimenter may grossly misread the scale.For example, he may, due to an oversight, read the temperature as 31.5°C while the actual reading may be 21.5°C. Click on the battery to choose a voltage between 1 V - 120 . Equipment: Resistors (R1 = 2.2 kΩ, R2 = 6.8 kΩ, and R3 = 4.7 kΩ), multimeter, and DC power supply.

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