He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Verse 15. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. } Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Verse 13. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. His family ruled for many generations. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Sanskrit It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). orders. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. View Answer The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Concerning past occasions. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 23 February 2011. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. He was known for his religious tolerance. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Answer. He stopped the killing of cows by means . After ruling indirectly and directly. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. . Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. 0 0 Similar questions This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Son of Aksha. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Request Permissions. Was this answer helpful? The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Son of Sangramapida II. Jonaraja He erected a monument at. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. Updates? We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Rajatarangini . Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Died young. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Has data issue: true Report Error In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Devout Shaivite. Hence the correct answer is Option B. "useRatesEcommerce": false Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Son of Ajitapida. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Her son was Chippatajayapida. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. They cannot be abusive or personal. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. From Stein's translation:[3]. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. An unpopular king, he was killed. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. 1 (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Nephew of Didda. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Verse 11. Son of Partha. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Verse 14. This quarterly has been published regularly since Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. The. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Rajatarangini belongs. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir.

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