In Rastafari, there must be proper household living, meaning the organisation of the home in terms of:-1. [450] Others experienced disillusionment after developing the view that Haile Selassie had been an oppressive leader of the Ethiopian people. [42] Michael Barnett observed that its theology is "essentially Judeo-Christian", representing "an Afrocentralized blend of Christianity and Judaism". [173], Rasta women usually wear clothing that covers their head and hides their body contours. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion. [241] Rastas have also advocated for the legalisation of cannabis in those jurisdictions where it is illegal;[242] in 2015, Jamaica decriminalized personal possession of marijuana up to two ounces and legalized it for medicinal and scientific purposes. 8 Tu ne déroberas point. Home; PEAK News; how to sharpen bear grylls ultimate pro knife [437], The Rasta message resonates with many people who feel marginalised and alienated by the values and institutions of their society. [238], In many countries—including Jamaica[239]—cannabis is illegal and by using it, Rastas protest the rules and regulations of Babylon. 29. [436] This picture of Rastafari's demographics has been confirmed by ethnographic studies conducted in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. [366] Jamaica's Rastas expressed contempt for many aspects of the island's society, viewing the government, police, bureaucracy, professional classes, and established churches as instruments of Babylon. Lord Shiva was born to a great devotee of Lord Shiva, Shuchismati was his devoted wife who yearned to birth a child, like Shiva. 6 Pages • 429 Vues. [293] Other Rastas remain totally vegetarian,[294] or vegan,[295] a practice stemming from their interpretation of Leviticus. All EDItEUR standards and documentation – including this document – are copyright materials, made available free of charge for general use. [189] Rastafari places great importance on family life and the raising of children,[190] with reproduction being encouraged. Sword Art Online: Alicization Opening 2 Lyrics - RESISTER by ASCA Kerenai tsuyoi omoide kagayaku puraido.... Unmei ni aragatte tte yuke... Kimi no koe ga todokanai basho de wa... Daremo oshiete kurenakatta yuganda ruuru.. mou ichido kodou, takanaru nani ga tadashii ka nante wakaranai kedo. are forbidden by Skyrock's 'General Terms of Use' and that you can be identified by your IP address (184.168.46.60) if someone makes a complaint. 14. [205] Although respected figures, they do not necessarily have administrative functions or responsibilities. [132] Rastafari women usually accept this subordinate position and regard it as their duty to obey their men;[169] the academic Maureen Rowe suggested that women were willing to join the religion despite its restrictions because they valued the life of structure and discipline it provided. [127] Critics of the movement have argued that the migration of the entire African diaspora to Africa is implausible, particularly as no African country would welcome this. [71] Understandings of how Haile Selassie relates to Jesus vary among Rastas. [438] Internationally, it has proved most popular among the poor and among marginalised youth. [188], Rastafari regards procreation as the purpose of sex, and thus oral and anal sex are usually forbidden. Some Rastas believed that Selassie did not really die and that claims to the contrary were Western misinformation. Knives. 38. [154] In emphasising this Afrocentric approach, Rastafari expresses overtones of black nationalism. [481] A small community of Rastas also appeared in Burkina Faso. [83] Rastas use this title for Haile Selassie alongside others, such as "Almighty God", "Judge and Avenger", "King Alpha and Queen Omega", "Returned Messiah", "Elect of God", and "Elect of Himself". [273] Rastas seek to avoid language that contributes to servility, self-degradation, and the objectification of the person. [448] Many of them see no point in establishing good relations with non-Rastas, believing that the latter will never accept Rastafari doctrine as truth. [491] Its spread was aided by the gang structures that had been cultivated among black British youth by the rudeboy subculture,[492] and gained increasing attention in the 1970s through reggae's popularity. la rastafarisme (également rastafari, rasta) Il est une religion née en une trentaine d'années la XXe siècle, qui se présente comme l'héritier Christianisme.Le nom vient de Ras Tafari, l 'empereur qui monta sur le trôneEthiopie en 1930 sous le nom de Hailé Selassié I et avec le roi des titres Rois (Negus neghesti), élu de Dieu, Lumière du monde, vainqueur du Lion la tribu de Juda. [470] Rastafari also attracted converts from within several Native American communities[453] and picked up some support from white members of the hippie subculture, which was then in decline. Rastafari has been described as a religion,[1] meeting many of the proposed definitions for what constitutes a religion,[2] and is legally recognised as such in various countries. Finance 2. [364] For its first thirty years, Rastafari was in a conflictual relationship with the Jamaican authorities. [218] Nyabinghi Issemblies often attract Rastas from a wide area, including from different countries. [478], A smaller number of Rastas are found in Muslim-majority countries of West Africa, such as Gambia and Senegal. [483] There were also conflicts with local Ethiopians, who largely regarded the incoming Rastas, and their Ethiopia-born children, as foreigners. [323] For instance, many reggae musicians who do not adhere to the Rastafari religion wear their hair in dreads. [137] This is conceived as being a millennium of peace, justice, and happiness in which the righteous shall live in Africa, now a paradise. [497], Rastafari attracted membership from within the Maori population of New Zealand,[498] and the Aboriginal population of Australia. [346] His ideas were opposed by many blacks in the Americas and he experienced hostility from African-American civil rights activists like W. E. B. I told them clearly that I am a man, that I am mortal, and that I will be replaced by the oncoming generation, and that they should never make a mistake in assuming or pretending that a human being is emanated from a deity. [218] During the daytime, attendees engage in food preparation, ganja smoking, and reasoning, while at night they focus on drumming and dancing around bonfires. [46] According to the anthropologist Stephen D. Glazier, Rasta approaches to the Bible result in the religion adopting an outlook very similar to that of some forms of Protestantism. [103] Some Rasta sects reject the notion that a white European can ever be a legitimate Rasta. [480] The popularity of dreadlocks and marijuana among the Baye Faal may have been spread in large part through access to Rasta-influenced reggae in the 1970s. [123], Rastas view "Zion" as an ideal to which they aspire. [201] Rastas typically see the growing acceptance of birth control and homosexuality in Western society as evidence of the degeneration of Babylon as it approaches its apocalyptic end. [338] In that century, many members of the African diaspora moved to colonies founded in Sierra Leone and Liberia. [302] Rastas also generally avoid alcohol,[303] cigarettes,[304] and hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine. 1. [354] According to Chevannes, Garvey would have regarded the Rastas' belief in the divinity of Haile Selassie as blasphemy. [248] Many of these songs are sung to the tune of older Christian hymns,[249] but others are original Rasta creations. [408] Fulfilled Rastafari is a multi-ethnic movement that has spread in popularity during the 21st century, in large part through the Internet. [110] Practitioners believe that Westerners and Babylon have detached themselves from nature through technological development and thus have become debilitated, slothful, and decadent. - Honore ton père et ta mère. [468], Rastafari was introduced to the United States and Canada with the migration of Jamaicans to continental North America in the 1960s and 1970s. [89] To bolster their argument, they pointed to the fact that no corpse had been produced; in reality, Haile Selassie's body had been buried beneath his palace, remaining undiscovered there until 1992. [390] To bolster his popularity with the electorate, Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley employed Rasta imagery and courted and obtained support from Marley and other reggae musicians. [241] Rastas also often avoid mainstream scientific medicine and will reject surgery, injections, or blood transfusions. [411], Probably the largest Rastafari group, the House of Nyabinghi is an aggregate of more traditional and militant Rastas who seek to retain the movement close to the way in which it existed during the 1940s. Top 10 des raisons de se convertir au Pastafarisme, la . Le pastafarisme (qui vient des mots « pâtes » et « rastafarisme ») possède ses propres écritures, traditions et commandements, connus sous les noms des « huit condiments ». [130] The term "liberation before repatriation" began to be used within the movement. [210] This is a discussion among assembled Rastas about the religion's principles and their relevance to current events. Rastas come from various ethnic groups, although the majority are of black African descent and some mansions accept only black members. [383] Although some Jamaican Rastas were critical of him,[384] many came under the influence of the Guyanese black nationalist academic Walter Rodney, who lectured to their community in 1968 before publishing his thoughts as the pamphlet Groundings. [445] There is no formal ritual carried out to mark an individual's entry into the Rastafari movement,[446] although once they do join an individual often changes their name, with many including the prefix "Ras". [488], During the 1950s and 1960s, Rastas were among the thousands of Caribbean migrants who settled in the United Kingdom,[489] leading to small groups appearing in areas of London such as Brixton[490] and Notting Hill in the 1950s. Les dix commandements 1 Tu n’auras pas d’autres dieux devant ma face. [250] During the 1960s, ska was a popular musical style in Jamaica, and although its protests against social and political conditions were mild, it gave early expression to Rasta socio-political ideology. [134] Many practitioners believe that on this Day of Judgement, Babylon will be overthrown,[135] with Rastas being the chosen few who survive the upheaval. connaissez vous les 10 commandement ? [430] As of 2010, it was recorded as being the largest of the centralised Rasta groups. [274] They believe that by formulating their own language they are launching an ideological attack on the integrity of the English language, which they view as a tool of Babylon. [316] Members of the Bobo Ashanti sect of Rastas conceal their dreadlocks within turbans,[321] while some Rastas tuck their dreads under a rastacap or tam headdress, usually coloured green, red, black, and yellow. 7 Tu ne commettras point d’adultère. [309] Rastas believe that dreadlocks are promoted in the Bible, specifically in the Book of Numbers,[g][310] and regard them as a symbol of strength linked to the hair of the Biblical figure of Samson. 5 Honore ton père et ta mère. [38] The conviction that Rastafari has no dogma "is so strong that it has itself become something of a dogma", according to the sociologist of religion Peter B. [396] In the 1980s, a Rasta, Barbara Makeda Blake Hannah, became a senator in the Jamaican Parliament. [54] Rastas regard themselves as an exclusive and elite community, membership of which is restricted to those who have the "insight" to recognise Haile Selassie's importance. Born in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, the Rastafarian movement has captured the imagination of thousands of black youth, and some white youth, throughout Jamaica, the Caribbean, Britain, France, and other countries in Western Europe and North America. 4 Souviens-toi du jour du repos, pour le sanctifier. [113] The term "Babylon" is adopted because of its Biblical associations. [394] This helped to confer greater legitimacy on Rastafari,[395] with reggae and Rasta imagery being increasingly presented as a core part of Jamaica's cultural heritage for the growing tourist industry. [423] It is commonly regarded as the most liberal form of Rastafari and the closest to Christianity. [275] The use of this language helps Rastas distinguish and separate themselves from non-Rastas,[276] for whom—according to Barrett—Rasta rhetoric can be "meaningless babbling". They raided the community on several occasions and Howell was imprisoned for a further two years. [117], Rastas view Babylon as being responsible for both the Atlantic slave trade which removed enslaved Africans from their continent and the ongoing poverty which plagues the African diaspora. [144] Another Rasta view is that those who are righteous will undergo reincarnation,[145] with an individual's identity remaining throughout each of their incarnations. [235] The pipe is passed in a counter-clockwise direction around the assembled circle of Rastas. [248] Rastas believe that their music has healing properties, with the ability to cure colds, fevers, and headaches. 36. [217], Nyabinghi Issemblies typically take place in rural areas, being situated in the open air or in temporary structures—known as "temples" or "tabernacles"—specifically constructed for the purpose. [78] Members of the Twelve Tribes of Israel denomination, for instance, reject the idea that Selassie was the Second Coming, arguing that this event has yet to occur. [272] For instance, Rastas often use the word "downpression" in place of "oppression" because oppression bears down on people rather than lifting them up, with "up" being phonetically akin to "opp-". [416] The group teaches that black Africans are God's chosen people and are superior to white Europeans,[419] with members often refusing to associate with white people. [263] Although reggae contains much Rastafari symbolism,[5] and the two are widely associated,[264] the connection is often exaggerated by non-Rastas. [205] When they do oversee ritual meetings, they are often responsible for helping to interpret current events in terms of Biblical scripture. English Essay-Anthropology Research Proposal. It is also to be found in smaller numbers in parts of Africa—for example, in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Senegal—and in Australia and New Zealand, particularly among the Maori. [410] The three most prominent branches are the House of Nyabinghi, the Bobo Ashanti, and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, although other important groups include the Church of Haile Selassie I, Inc., and the Fulfilled Rastafari. [434] Men dominate Rastafari. [402], The mid-1990s saw a revival of Rastafari-focused reggae associated with musicians like Anthony B, Buju Banton, Luciano, Sizzla, and Capleton. [479] One West African group that wear dreadlocks are the Baye Faal, a Mouride sect in Senegambia, some of whose practitioners have started calling themselves "Rastas" in reference to their visual similarity to Rastafari. [361] Police feared that Howell was training his followers for an armed rebellion and were angered that it was producing cannabis for sale. 10/10. [35], Rastas refer to the totality of their religion's ideas and beliefs as "Rastalogy". [324] There are various claims as to how this practice was adopted. [459] Jamaica is often valorised by Rastas as the fountain-head of their faith, and many Rastas living elsewhere travel to the island on pilgrimage. « Le Paradis est rempli de bière et de strip-teaseurs » [313] Sometimes this dreadlocked hair is then shaped and styled, often inspired by a lion's mane symbolising Haile Selassie, who is regarded as "the Conquering Lion of Judah". [378], Whereas its membership had previously derived predominantly from poorer sectors of society, in the 1960s Rastafari began attracting support from more privileged groups like students and professional musicians. This app is only available in the Google Play Store, therefore must be installed on Android Device or through BlueStacks or another Android emulator. [261] The most successful reggae artist was Bob Marley, who—according to Cashmore—"more than any other individual, was responsible for introducing Rastafarian themes, concepts and demands to a truly universal audience". I also met certain Rastafarians. [86] The 1974 overthrow of Haile Selassie by the military Derg and his subsequent death in 1975 resulted in a crisis of faith for many practitioners. [26] It is thus difficult to make broad generalisations about the movement without obscuring the complexities within it. [271] Rastas typically regard words as having an intrinsic power,[272] with Rastafari language reflecting Rastas' own experiences,[271] as well as fostering a group identity and cultivating particular values. [39] No Rasta, therefore, has the authority to declare which beliefs and practices are orthodox and which are heterodox. [412] Nyabinghi Rastas refuse to compromise with Babylon and are often critical of reggae musicians like Marley, whom they regard as having collaborated with the commercial music industry. [410] They stress the idea that Haile Selassie was Jah and the reincarnation of Jesus. [362] Upon his release he returned to Pinnacle, but the police continued with their raids and shut down the community in 1954; Howell himself was committed to a mental hospital.

The animation, music, and action everything is so good and it's a continuous quality. [282] Similarly, they often favour "livicate" over "dedicate" because "ded-" is phonetically akin to the word "dead". [228], In Rastafari, cannabis is considered a sacrament. [20] Many Rastas or Rastafarians—as practitioners are known—nevertheless dislike the labelling of Rastafari as a "movement". [98] The Rastafari movement began among Afro-Jamaicans who wanted to reject the British imperial culture that dominated Jamaica and replace it with a new identity based on a reclamation of their African heritage. [114] Rastas perceive the exile of the black African diaspora in Babylon as an experience of great suffering,[116] with the term "suffering" having a significant place in Rasta discourse. Néanmoins l'idéologie rastafarienne se basse sur une réinterprétation de la bible orientée vers l'Afrique appelé Holy Piby. [466] Foreign Rastas studying in Cuba during the 1990s connected with its reggae scene and helped to further ground it in Rasta beliefs. [158] According to Cashmore, the Rastas became "folk devils" in Jamaican society. We found the way to buy 10 kg of uranium powder to jail it in glass beakers that had an extreme scary greenish after glowing in the dark. [474] Caribbean Rastas arrived in Ghana during the 1960s, encouraged by its first post-independence president, Kwame Nkrumah, while some native Ghanaians also converted to the religion. [59] In seeking to narrow the distance between humanity and divinity, Rastafari embraces mysticism. [38] Rastas place great emphasis on the idea that personal experience and intuitive understanding should be used to determine the truth or validity of a particular belief or practice. [207] A Jamaican Hindu priest, Laloo, was one of Howell's spiritual advisors, and may have influenced his adoption of ganja. "[440], Rastafari is a non-missionary religion. [484] Rastafari groups have also appeared in Zimbabwe,[485] and in South Africa;[486] in 2008, there were at least 12,000 Rastas in the country. [420] Bobo Ashanti Rastas are recognisable by their long, flowing robes and turbans. [336] Increasing numbers of Pentecostal missionaries from the United States arrived in Jamaica during the early 20th century, this migration reaching a climax in the 1920s. [186] Rasta men refer to their female partners as "queens",[187] or "empresses",[188] while the males in these relationships are known as "kingmen". [290] As well as being used by Rastas, the colour set has also been adopted by Pan-Africanists more broadly, who use it to display their identification with Afrocentricity;[289] for this reason it was adopted on the flags of many post-independence African states. [243] In 2019, Barbados legalised Rastafarian use of cannabis within religious settings and pledged 60 acres (24 ha) of land for Rastafarians to grow it. [118] As with "Babylon", this term comes from the Bible, where it refers to an idealised Jerusalem. [247] In addition, a peta drum improvises over the rhythm. [285] Red, gold, and green were used in the Ethiopian flag, while, prior to the development of Rastafari, the Jamaican black nationalist activist Marcus Garvey had used red, green, and black as the colours for the Pan-African flag representing his United Negro Improvement Association. [96] Rastafari meetings are opened and closed with prayers. Ethiopianism, Back to Africa, and Marcus Garvey, Haile Selassie and the early Rastas: 1930–1949, International spread and decline: 1970–present, Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy, the existence of a distinctly black African race, references to same-sex sexual activity in the Bible, Imperial Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated Political Party, thousands of Caribbean migrants who settled in the United Kingdom, "Now Decriminalized, Could Jamaica Become Destination for Legal Weed? [433] In adopting this broad approach, the Church seeks to develop Rastafari's respectability in wider society. [115], In portraying Africa as their "Promised Land", Rastas reflect their desire to escape what they perceive as the domination and degradation that they experience in Babylon. 33. [87] Some left the movement altogether. The largest population is in Jamaica, although small communities can be found in most of the world's major population centres. [455] In the 2011 Jamaican census, 29,026 individuals identified as Rastas. [386] After Black Power declined following the deaths of prominent exponents such as Malcolm X, Michael X, and George Jackson, Rastafari filled the vacuum it left for many black youth. 24. [161] The Rasta tendency to believe that socio-political change is inevitable opens the religion up to the criticism from the political left that it encourages adherents to do little or nothing to alter the status quo. [405] Since the 1970s, there have been attempts to unify all Rastas, namely through the establishment of the Rastafari Movement Association, which sought political mobilisation. [341] The idea of the African diaspora's return to Africa was later given impetus by the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 as a nation-state for the Jewish diaspora to return to. [105] Rastafari espouses the view that this, the true identity of black Africans, has been lost and needs to be reclaimed. [260] Reggae gained widespread international popularity during the mid-1970s,[261] coming to be viewed by black people in many different countries as music of the oppressed. [207] Early Rastafarians may have taken an element of Jamaican culture which they associated with their peasant past and the rejection of capitalism and sanctified it by according it Biblical correlates. [172] Rastas legitimise these gender roles by citing Biblical passages, particularly those in the Book of Leviticus and in the writings of Paul the Apostle. [157] Some Rastas have promoted activism as a means of achieving socio-political reform, while others believe in awaiting change that will be brought about through divine intervention in human affairs. 2. Top 10 Bug Out Bag List Essentials; Bug Out Locations. [422] He proclaimed himself the reincarnation of the Old Testament prophet Gad and his followers call him "Prophet Gad", "Brother Gad", or "Gadman". 4. 15 Edible Insects Every Prepper Should Know; How to Build a Fire; How Do You Prepare For An EMP Attack; Gear. [370] Following the event, militant Rastas unsuccessfully tried to capture the city in the name of Haile Selassie. [352] According to Soumahoro, Rastafari "emerged from the socio-political ferment inaugurated by Marcus Garvey",[64] while for Cashmore, Garvey was the "most important" precursor of Rastafari. [129] Rather, many Rastas saw the idea of returning to Africa in a metaphorical sense, entailing the restoration of their pride and self-confidence as people of black African descent. [401] The significance of Rastafari messages in reggae also declined with the growing popularity of dancehall, a Jamaican musical genre that typically foregrounded lyrical themes of hyper-masculinity, violence, and sexual activity rather than religious symbolism. [193] Each contributor is supposed to push the boundaries of understanding until the entire group has gained greater insight into the topic under discussion. [106] Male practitioners will often grow long beards,[307] and many Rastas prefer to wear African styles of clothing, such as dashikis, rather than styles that originated in Western countries. [297] Rasta dietary practices have been ridiculed by non-Rastas; in Ghana for example, where food traditionally includes a high meat content, the Rastas' emphasis on vegetable produce has led to the joke that they "eat like sheep and goats". [240] In the United States, for example, thousands of practitioners have been arrested because of their possession of the drug. [443] Based on his research in West Africa, Neil J. Savishinsky found that many of those who converted to Rastafari came to the religion through their pre-existing use of marijuana as a recreational drug. [472] In West Africa, Rastafari has spread largely through the popularity of reggae,[473] gaining a larger presence in Anglophone areas than their Francophone counterparts. [204] It nevertheless has "elders", an honorific title bestowed upon those with a good reputation among the community. Penn House, Penn Street, Buckinghamshire, England, UK, The Best TV Shows About Being in Your 30s. [252] Ossie was a drummer who believed that black people needed to develop their own style of music;[253] he was heavily influenced by Burru, an Afro-Jamaican drumming style. Tout d'abord il faut préciser que le rastafarisme n'est pas une religion car c'est l'anarchie, il n'y a ni chef , ni lieu de culte. [95] Critics of Rastafari have used this as evidence that Rasta theological beliefs are incorrect,[96] although some Rastas take Selassie's denials as evidence that he was indeed the incarnation of God, based on their reading of the Gospel of Luke. [165] It espouses patriarchal principles,[166] including the idea that women should submit to male leadership. [150], Rastafari promotes the idea of "living naturally",[151] in accordance with what Rastas regard as nature's laws. [347], A rumour later spread that in 1916, Garvey had called on his supporters to "look to Africa" for the crowning of a black king; this quote was never verified. 19. [493] According to the 2001 United Kingdom Census there are about 5000 Rastafari living in England and Wales. [136] With Babylon destroyed, Rastas believe that humanity will be ushered into a "new age". [334] One key influence on Rastafari was Christian Revivalism,[335] with the Great Revival of 1860–61 drawing many Afro-Jamaicans to join churches. Rastas accord Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia between 1930 and 1974, key importance; many regard him as the Second Coming of Jesus and Jah incarnate, while others see him as a human prophet who fully recognised the inner divinity in every individual. [44] Rastafari accords the Bible a central place in its belief system, regarding it as a holy book,[45] and adopts a literalist interpretation of its contents. [447] Practitioners thus often regard themselves as the "enlightened ones" who have "seen the light". [456] Jamaica's Rastas were initially entirely from the Afro-Jamaican majority,[457] and although Afro-Jamaicans are still the majority, Rastafari has also gained members from the island's Chinese, Indian, Afro-Chinese, Afro-Jewish, mulatto, and white minorities. [205] The number of participants can range from a handful to several hundred. [155], The scholar Maureen Warner-Lewis observed that Rastafari combined a "radical, even revolutionary" stance on socio-political issues, particularly regarding race, with a "profoundly traditional" approach to "philosophical conservatism" on other religious issues. [178] Rasta discourse insists this female dress code is necessary to prevent women attracting men and presents it as an antidote to the sexual objectification of women in Babylon. explains more about how we use your data, and your rights. Are we supposed to devote attention to these topics regardless of their relevance to the topic at hand? [330] The British government abolished slavery in the Caribbean island in 1834,[331] although racial prejudice remained prevalent across Jamaican society. 7. [209], One of the central activities at groundings is "reasoning". The ship never arrived and Henry was charged with fraud. [281] Rastas also typically believe that the phonetics of a word should be linked to its meaning. [131] Some Rastas seek to transform Western society so that they may more comfortably live within it rather than seeking to move to Africa. [247] A syncopated rhythm is then provided by the fundeh drum. [345], Of significant influence on Rastafari was the Jamaican-born activist Marcus Garvey, who spent much of his adult life in the US and Britain. [30] He preached that black Africans were superior to white Europeans and that Afro-Jamaicans should owe their allegiance to Haile Selassie rather than to George V, King of Great Britain and Ireland. [161] Clarke stated that "to all intents and purposes this was the beginning" of the Rastafari movement.

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