[157] In June 2004, the recovered parts and fragments were given to the Air and Space Museum of France in Le Bourget, Paris, where Saint-Exupéry's life is commemorated in a special exhibit. [4][43] (The "Y" in "YP" was the USAAC's designation for a prototype, while the "X" in "XP" was for experimental.) The P-38J was introduced in August 1943. Johnson concluded that the raised floatplane tail gave no advantage in solving the problem of compressibility. [65] British displeasure with the Lockheed order came to the fore in July, and on 5 August 1941 they modified the contract such that 143 aircraft would be delivered as previously ordered, to be known as "Lightning (Mark) I," and 524 would be upgraded to US-standard P-38E specifications with a top speed of 415 mph (668 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) guaranteed, to be called "Lightning II" for British service. The engines were unusually quiet because the exhausts were muffled by the General Electric turbo-superchargers on the twin Allison V12s. As German Forces seized control of Paris in May 1940, Saint-Exupéry fled the country for New York. The P-38s were initially based at Tafaroui airfield in Algeria alongside P-40 Warhawks and the rest of the 12th Air Force. Like World War II Wrecks? [165][166], Data from Lockheed P-38H/J/L Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions,[168] P-38H/J/L Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions[169], Harley Earl arranged for several of his designers to view a YP-38 prototype shortly before World War II, and its design directly inspired the tail fins of the 1948–1949 Cadillac. After three years, I found a P-38 in 95 feet of water—a mass of wings, booms, tail fins, wheels, and cables, all mixed up. It was presumed he was shot down. Assigned to the IX Tactical Air Command, the 370th Fighter Group and 474th Fighter Group and their P-38s initially flew missions from England, dive-bombing radar installations, enemy armor, troop concentrations and flak towers, and providing air cover. The P-38F was followed in June 1942 by the P-38G, using more powerful Allisons of 1,400 hp (1,000 kW) each and equipped with a better radio. All that was a career in itself. Lindbergh fired in a defensive reaction brought on by Shimada's apparent head-on ramming attack. [116] The Lightning's greatest virtues were long range, heavy payload, high speed, fast climb and concentrated firepower. Reliability was not the only issue, either. The P-38 was used most extensively and successfully in the Pacific theater, where it proved more suited, combining exceptional range with the reliability of two engines for long missions over water. The leading edge of the outer wing was fitted with 55 US gal (210 l) fuel tanks, filling the space formerly occupied by intercooler tunnels, but these were omitted on early P-38J blocks due to limited availability. On July 31, 1944, Saint-Exupéry took off from the island of Corsica in a Lockheed Lightning P-38 reconnaissance plane, one of numerous French pilots who assisted the Allied war effort. Antoine de St-Exupéry's P-38 Lightning Found The WoodenBoat Forum is sponsored by WoodenBoat Publications , publisher of WoodenBoat magazine. We will […] [130], The final 210 J models, designated P-38J-25-LO, alleviated the compressibility problem through the addition of a set of electrically actuated dive recovery flaps just outboard of the engines on the bottom centerline of the wings. On 28 July 1944, Lindbergh shot down a Mitsubishi Ki-51 "Sonia" flown by the veteran commander of 73rd Independent Flying Chutai, Imperial Japanese Army Captain Saburo Shimada. All three tail modifications were designed by George H. "Bert" Estabrook. [49] To prove a point, one elevator and its vertical stabilizers were skinned with metal 63% thicker than standard, but the increase in rigidity made no difference in vibration. In fact the cockpit was often too hot since opening a window while in flight caused buffeting by setting up turbulence through the tailplane. Dick Bong, the United States' highest-scoring World War II air ace (40 victories in P-38s), flew directly at his targets to ensure he hit them, in some cases flying through the debris of his target (and on one occasion colliding with an enemy aircraft which was claimed as a "probable" victory). Robert Petit's G model named "Miss Virginia" was on that mission, borrowed by Rex Barber who was later credited with the kill. Saved by Edward. 2× 2,000 lb (907 kg) bombs or drop tanks; 2× 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs or drop tanks, plus either, Donald, David, ed. One example is a P-38L owned by the Lone Star Flight Museum in Galveston, Texas, painted in the colors of Charles H. MacDonald's Putt Putt Maru. Surplus P-38s were also used by other foreign air forces with 12 sold to Honduras and 15 retained by China. The famed aviator Charles Lindbergh toured the South Pacific as a civilian contractor for United Aircraft Corporation, comparing and evaluating performance of single- and twin-engined fighters for Vought. ", "Archive sources for Luftwaffe activity over Southern France on 30 and 31 July 1944. At first, field units tried to paint them, since pilots worried about being too visible to the enemy, but it turned out the reduction in weight and drag was a minor advantage in combat. Then back, I thought it was a German aircraft.  A first attempt to identify it-In 1989 failed. The first Betty crashed in the jungle and the second ditched near the coast. 2414, Kelly Johnson wrote "the violence of the vibration was unchanged and the diving tendency was naturally the same for all conditions. Lockheed proposed a carrier-based Model 822 version of the Lightning for the United States Navy. In the South West Pacific theater, the P-38 was the primary long-range fighter of United States Army Air Forces until the introduction of large numbers of P-51D Mustangs toward the end of the war. [19] It was extremely forgiving and could be mishandled in many ways, but the rate of roll in the early versions was too low for it to excel as a dogfighter. Buffeting came about from airflow disturbances ahead of the tail; the airplane would shake at high speed. Finden Sie Top-Angebote für P-38 F-5B Lightning 1:35 "St Exupéry" / Avion / Aircraft / YAKAiR / Woodmodel bei eBay. It was in the late 80s when I first spotted this wreck. Lockheed P-38 F5B, avión en el que desapareció Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. [44] Since the heavier engines were having reliability problems and with them, without external fuel tanks, the range of the P-38F was reduced, and since drop tanks themselves were in short supply as the fortunes in the Battle of the Atlantic had not yet swung the Allies' way, the aircraft became relatively unpopular in minds of the bomber command planning staffs despite being the longest ranged fighter first available to the 8th Air Force in sufficient numbers for long range escort duties. [65] Later that summer an RAF test pilot reported back from Burbank with a poor assessment of the "tail flutter" situation, and the British cancelled all but three of the 143 Lightning Is. P-38Fs were modified as well. [68][Note 4], Many of the British order of 524 Lightning IIs were fitted with stronger F-10 Allison engines as they became available, and all were given wing pylons for fuel tanks or bombs. [90] Other Lightnings were eventually acquired by Italy for postwar service. [65] The A&AEE example was unarmed, lacked turbochargers and restricted to 300 mph (480 km/h); though the undercarriage was praised and flight on one engine described as comfortable. This was a very uncomfortable way to fly. The Lockheed P-38 Lightning is a World War II–era American piston-engined fighter aircraft.Developed for the United States Army Air Corps, the P-38 had distinctive twin booms and a central nacelle containing the cockpit and armament. [174], The whine of the speeder bike engines in Return of the Jedi was partly achieved by recording the engine noise of a P-38, combined with that of a North American P-51 Mustang. ", Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. ", "Memorandum for: Office of the General Council: Subject: S. S. Author of "The Little Prince". On 11 August 1943, Tondi took off to intercept a formation of about 50 bombers, returning from the bombing of Terni (Umbria). A dozen of the planned P-38G production were set aside to serve as prototypes for what would become the P-38J with further uprated Allison V-1710F-17 engines (1,425 hp (1,063 kW) each) in redesigned booms which featured chin-mounted intercoolers in place of the original system in the leading edge of the wings and more efficient radiators. After some disastrous raids in 1944 with B-17s escorted by P-38s and Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, Jimmy Doolittle, then head of the U.S. Eighth Air Force, went to the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, asking for an evaluation of the various American fighters. Shahan in his P-38F downed the Condor; Shaffer, flying either a P-40C or a P-39, had already set an engine on fire. German fighter pilot appraisal of the P-38 was mixed. Fifty years later a small group of aviation enthusiasts decided to locate those aircraft, which had come to be known as "The Lost Squadron", and to recover one of the lost P-38s. Seven high velocity aircraft rockets (HVARs) on pylons beneath each wing, and later, five rockets on each wing on "Christmas tree" launch racks which added 1,365 lb (619 kg) to the aircraft. The Lockheed P-38 Lightning, nicknamed the "Fork-Tailed Devil" - Der Gabelschwanz Teufel - by the Germans, was the brainchild of Lockheed engineer Kelly Johnson. So it is under water, while I dived to see if that unique piece still existed, when finally the “possible” becomes suddenly a certainty. Despite this, many Italian pilots liked the P-38 because of its excellent visibility on the ground and stability on takeoff. Developed for the United States Army Air Corps, the P-38 had distinctive twin booms and a central nacelle containing the cockpit and armament. The majority of the P-38 sorties were made in the period prior to Allied air superiority in Europe, when pilots fought against a very determined and skilled enemy. "Collections Database: Lockheed P-38J-10-LO Lightning. Avion militaire de la seconde guerre mondiale. Bong was rotated back to the United States as America's ace of aces, after making 40 kills, becoming a test pilot. The 474th operated out of bases in France, Belgium, and Germany in primarily the ground attack missions until November–December 1945. More Lightnings were lost due to severe weather and other conditions than enemy action; there were cases where Lightning pilots, mesmerized by flying for hours over gray seas under gray skies, simply flew into the water. Pilot: Commander Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. 234–235. As the P-38H, 600 of these stop-gap Lightnings with an improved 20 mm cannon and a bomb capacity of 3,200 lb (1,500 kg) were produced on one line beginning in May 1943 while the near-definitive P-38J began production on the second line in August 1943. Gardner painted it white with red and blue trim and named it White Lightnin'; he reworked its turbo systems and intercoolers for optimum low-altitude performance and gave it P-38F style air intakes for better streamlining. The Americans claimed 23 aerial victories, though Romanian and German fighter units admitted losing only one aircraft each. Juli 1944[1] nahe der Île de Riou bei Marseille) war ein französischer Schriftsteller und Pilot. It was then that the investigation into the circumstances of the death of Saint-Exupéry were in full swing and lead us to German pilot Horst Rippert in 2006. [175], Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era, "P-38" redirects here. Part-way through production, the older Hamilton Standard Hydromatic hollow steel propellers were replaced by new Curtiss Electric duraluminum propellers. Eventually, procedures were taught to allow a pilot to deal with the situation by reducing power on the running engine, feathering the prop on the failed engine, and then increasing power gradually until the aircraft was in stable flight. Luc Vanrell is a diver, photographer and underwater explorer, credited with the discovery of famous author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s P-38 “Lightning”, which was Shot down by a German fighter aircraft over the Mediterranean, on July 31st, 1944. On the positive side, having two engines was a built-in insurance policy. The P-38's engine troubles at high altitudes occurred with only the Eighth Air Force. Lockheed had originally dubbed the aircraft Atalanta from Greek mythology in the company tradition of naming planes after mythological and celestial figures, but the RAF name won out. [100] The 370th participated in ground attack missions across Europe until February 1945 when the unit changed over to the P-51 Mustang. Lockheed P-38 Lightning este un avion de vânătoare din Al Doilea Război Mondial proiectat de Hall Hibbard și Kelly Johnson pentru firma americană Lockheed.Primul prototp al unui P-38 a efectuat primul său zbor la 27 ianuarie 1939. La Succession Saint Exupéry – d’Agay représente les héritiers et ayants-droits d’Antoine de Saint Exupéry soit ses 4 neveux, les enfants de sa sœur Gabrielle. Clustering all the armament in the nose was unusual in U.S. aircraft, which typically used wing-mounted guns with trajectories set up to crisscross at one or more points in a convergence zone. According to US sources, he also damaged three more bombers on that occasion. ", "RAF's wartime daredevil finally laid to rest. The few "hand made" YP-38s initially contracted were used as trainers and test aircraft. It entered service with the USAAF in June 1944, in time to support the Allied invasion of France on D-Day. Pilots taking low altitude assignments often flew stripped down to shorts, tennis shoes, and parachute. Of the three outstanding Army fighters of the war (the others being the P-47 Thunderbolt [32] The duration of sustained firing for the 20 mm cannon was approximately 14 seconds while the .50-caliber machine guns worked for 35 seconds if each magazine was fully loaded with 500 rounds, or for 21 seconds if 300 rounds were loaded to save weight for long-distance flying. Combined rate of fire was over 4,000 rpm with roughly every sixth projectile a 20 mm shell. [103][104][105][106][107] Kenney sent repeated requests to Arnold for more P-38s, and was rewarded with occasional shipments, but Europe was a higher priority in Washington. Led by two Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, the first seven P-38s, each carrying two small drop tanks, left Presque Isle Army Air Field on 23 June 1942 for RAF Heathfield in Scotland. This and other aircraft were used by a handful of Lockheed test pilots including Milo Burcham, Jimmie Mattern and Tony LeVier in remarkable flight demonstrations, performing such stunts as slow rolls at treetop level with one prop feathered to dispel the myth that the P-38 was unmanageable.[149][150]. Fragmenty Lightning F-5B # 42-69223 są teraz wyświetlane w Muzeum Lotniczym i Kosmicznym Le Bourget, w przestrzeni poświęconej pisarzowi lotniczemu. When deployed at the 8° maneuver setting, the flaps allowed the P-38 to out-turn many contemporary single-engined fighters at the cost of some added drag. Martin James Monti was an American pilot who defected to the Axis powers in a stolen F-5E Lightning, which was handed over to the Luftwaffe Zirkus Rosarius for testing afterward. Then we learned how to get through it. Antoine de Saint-Exupery takes off for his last mission. The Forum is a free service, and much like the "free" content on Public Radio, we hope you will support WoodenBoat by subscribing to this fabulous magazine. Delivered, after refurbishing, at the rate of one per month, they finally were all sent to the Aeronautica Militare by 1952. Much was dispersed by fishing, while the rest still lies under water on site, and the recovered part is currently at the Air Museum at Le Bourget. Cependant, les raids s'avérèrent désastreux, le P-38 étant nettement inférieur aux Bf 109 et Fw 190, bien plus rapides. [56], Buffeting was another early aerodynamic problem. "German Pilots Renamed It: Gabelschwanz Teufel (Fork-tailed Devil)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lockheed_P-38_Lightning&oldid=996416562, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015, Articles needing additional references from January 2011, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2017, Aircraft specs templates using more performance parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Fitted with self-sealing fuel tanks/armored windshield, First combat-ready variant, revised armament, RAF order: twin right-hand props and no turbo, Automatic cooling system; Improved P-38G fighter, reconnaissance aircraft converted from P-38J, reconnaissance aircraft converted from P-38J/L, paddle blade props; up-rated engines with a different propeller reduction ratio, Improved P-38J new engines; new rocket pylons, reconnaissance aircraft converted from P-38L. On 2–4 March 1943, P-38s flew top cover for 5th Air Force and Australian bombers and attack aircraft during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, in which eight Japanese troop transports and four escorting destroyers were sunk. The P-38 Lightning by Lockheed might be one of the most impressive aircrafts in the world of aviation. [44] This was a situation unduplicated on all other fronts where the commands were clamoring for as many P-38s as they could get. Another P-38L was modified after the war as a "super strafer," with eight .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the nose and a pod under each wing with two .50 in (12.7 mm) guns, for a total of 12 machine guns. The 5,000th Lightning built, a P-38J-20-LO, 44-23296, was painted bright vermilion red, and had the name YIPPEE painted on the underside of the wings in big white letters as well as the signatures of hundreds of factory workers. A Lightning could reliably hit targets at any range up to 1,000 yd (910 m), whereas the wing guns of other fighters were optimized for a specific range. "[86] General der Jagdflieger Adolf Galland was unimpressed with the P-38, declaring "it had similar shortcomings in combat to our Bf 110, our fighters were clearly superior to it. P-38s and Spitfires escorted Fortress raids over Europe. The Lockheed design incorporated tricycle undercarriage and a bubble canopy, and featured two 1,000 hp (750 kW) turbosupercharged 12-cylinder Allison V-1710 engines fitted with counter-rotating propellers to eliminate the effect of engine torque, with the turbochargers positioned behind the engines, the exhaust side of the units exposed along the dorsal surfaces of the booms. The first was actually a battered RP-38E "piggyback" test mule previously used by Lockheed to test the P-38J chin intercooler installation, now fitted with paddle-bladed "high activity" Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propellers similar to those used on the P-47. Allied propaganda claimed it had been nicknamed the fork-tailed devil (German: der Gabelschwanz-Teufel) by the Luftwaffe and "two planes, one pilot" by the Japanese. [108] Despite their small force, Lightning pilots began to compete in racking up scores against Japanese aircraft. His first flight had been in a Sopwith biplane. Maquette bois P38 F5 Lightning Savoie St Exupéry 156.75 € T.T.C. [33] Counter-rotation was achieved by the use of "handed" engines: the crankshafts of the engines turned in opposite directions, a relatively easy task for the V-1710 modular-design aircraft powerplant. Kelsey then proposed a speed dash to Wright Field on 11 February 1939 to relocate the aircraft for further testing. The Eighth Air Force continued to conduct reconnaissance missions using the F-5 variant.[74]. This was Rollwage's first victory over a P-38, and his 35th claim at the time. The images were to remain in archive until his death. These engines were geared 2.36 to 1, unlike the standard P-38 ratio of 2 to 1. Moreover, having been an avid young reader of Saint-Exupéry, I found that his disappearance (like the Little Prince) was what suited him best. There were no Bs or Cs delivered to the government as the USAAF allocated the 'D' suffix to all aircraft with self-sealing fuel tanks and armor. Nonetheless, at Wolfe's insistence, the additional external balances were a feature of every P-38 built from then on. [93] Herbert Hatch saw two IAR 81Cs that he misidentified as Focke-Wulf Fw 190s hit the ground after taking fire from his guns, and his fellow pilots confirmed three more of his kills. That was suicide." He received 11 medals and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross twice for missions that were integral to Allied victory at the Battle of the Bulge. Explaining to Wolfe in Report No. [44] In addition to these, the early versions had a reputation as a "widow maker" as it could enter an unrecoverable dive due to a sonic surface effect at high sub-sonic speeds. At no time was this P-38E testbed airframe actually fitted with floats, and the idea was quickly abandoned as the U.S. Navy proved to have enough sealift capacity to keep up with P-38 deliveries to the South Pacific.[141]. Petit had already used "Miss Virginia" to defeat two Nakajima A6M2-N "Rufe" floatplanes in February and to heavily damage a Japanese submarine chaser in March, which he mistakenly claimed as a destroyer sunk. It proved too little, too late, because the decision had already been made to re-equip with Mustangs.[133]. As always-In And such cases, these old pieces of rusting metal suddenly become human and tell cz a drama that unfolded on RatingsPage.aspx day of 1944, the death of a man and what man, the great  Saint-Exupéry  himself! Ww2 Aircraft Military Aircraft St Exupery Lockheed P 38 Lightning Aviation Fuel Pilot Training American Fighter Ww2 Planes War Photography. The solution was to change the geometry of the wing's lower surface when diving in order to keep lift within bounds of the top of the wing. [54], Late in 1943, a few hundred dive flap field modification kits were assembled to give North African, European and Pacific P-38s a chance to withstand compressibility and expand their combat tactics. https://www.ww2wrecks.com A variety of wrecks -ships, aircraft, submarines and vehicles, battlefield archaeology, interviews and first-hand accounts – Enjoy! One reason for this was the inadequate cooling systems of the G and H models; the improved P-38 J and L had tremendous success flying out of Italy into Germany at all altitudes. The P-38J-25-LO production block also introduced hydraulically boosted ailerons, one of the first times such a system was fitted to a fighter. Lefty Gardner, former B-24 and B-17 pilot and associate of the Confederate Air Force, bought a mid-1944 P-38L-1-LO that had been modified into an F-5G. And the funny thing is that the Americans had great difficulty understanding this because the Lightning had the two top aces in the Far East. But, I had to find it in the wreck. [31] The rate of fire was about 650 rounds per minute for the 20×110 mm cannon round (130-gram shell) at a muzzle velocity of about 2,850 ft/s (870 m/s), and for the .50-caliber machine guns (43-gram rounds), about 850 rpm at 2,900 ft/s (880 m/s) velocity. War Production Board planners were unwilling to sacrifice production, and one of the two remaining prototypes received the new engines but retained the old leading edge intercoolers and radiators. Modèle: L:34x45,50cm ,réalisation en bois massif, sculptée et peinte à la main.Sur socle en Acacia vernis avec plaquette gravée. 2016/06/07 - サハラ砂漠での墜落事故時のサン＝テグジュペリと乗機. A prototype made its first flight on January 27, 1939. [78] After this painful experience, the American leadership changed tactics, and in February 1943 the P-38 was given free rein in its battles. [173], The P-38 was also the inspiration for Raymond Loewy and his design team at Studebaker for the 1950 and 1951 model-year Studebakers. Some of the fastest postwar racing P-38s were virtually identical in layout to the P-322-II. The Lightning was modified for other roles. The concentrated, parallel stream of bullets allowed aerial victory at much longer distances than fighters carrying wing guns. “Neither P-38 pilots, mechanics, facilities or logistics were prepared to operate efficiently in one of the bitterest European winters on record [1943-44],” he noted. Circular Proposal X-608 was a set of aircraft performance goals authored by First Lieutenants Benjamin S. Kelsey and Gordon P. Saville for a twin-engine, high-altitude "interceptor" having "the tactical mission of interception and attack of hostile aircraft at high altitude. [129] All these problems really came to a head in the unplanned P-38H and sped the Lightning's eventual replacement in the Eighth Air Force; fortunately the Fifteenth Air Force were glad to get them. In an extended, twisting dogfight in which many of the participants ran out of ammunition, Shimada turned his aircraft directly toward Lindbergh who was just approaching the combat area. Cesarani and Kavanaugh 2004, pp. [64] After the fall of France in June 1940, the British took over the entire order and gave the aircraft the service name "Lightning." [63][Note 3] Performance was supposed to be 400 mph (640 km/h) at 16,900 ft (5,200 m). In the second half of 1944, the P-38L pilots out of Dutch New Guinea were flying 950 mi (1,530 km), fighting for fifteen minutes and returning to base. DJYONEL PLONGEE LA CIOTA EPAVE P38 ST EXUPERY AOUT 2015 4. [162][163], A P-38 piloted by Clay Tice was the first American aircraft to land in Japan after VJ Day, when he and his wingman set down on Nitagahara because his wingman was low on fuel. There were several field or experimental modifications with different equipment fits that finally led to the "formal" P-38M night fighter, or Night Lightning. In addition to the F-4 and F-5 reconnaissance variants, a number of P-38Js and P-38Ls were field-modified as formation bombing "pathfinders" or "droopsnoots",[137] fitted with a Norden bombsight or an H2X radar system. Luc Vanrell is a diver, photographer and underwater explorer, credited with the discovery of famous author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s P-38 “Lightning”, which was shot down by a German fighter aircraft over the Mediterranean on 31 July 1944. [75] They joined the 8th Photographic Squadron in Australia on 4 April 1942. [7] Along with its use as a general fighter, the P-38 was utilized in various aerial combat roles including as a highly effective fighter-bomber,[8] a night fighter,[9] and as a long-range escort fighter when equipped with drop tanks. We checked the Lightning and it couldn't fly in combat faster than 0.68. With these improvements, a USAAF pilot reported a dive speed of almost 600 mph (970 km/h), although the indicated air speed was later corrected for compressibility error, and the actual dive speed was lower. Ross is a decorated World War II pilot who flew 96 missions for the U.S. Army Air Forces under the U.S. 8th Air Force's 7th Reconnaissance Group in the 22nd Reconnaissance Squadron. The RP-322 was a fairly fast aircraft below 16,000 ft (4,900 m) and well-behaved as a trainer. While the P-38J used the same V-1710-89/91 engines as the H model, the new core-type intercooler more efficiently lowered intake manifold temperatures and permitted a substantial increase in rated power. Although many failings were remedied with the introduction of the P-38J, by September 1944, all but one of the Lightning groups in the Eighth Air Force had converted to the P-51 Mustang.

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