The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Political Organization Defined | Internal Revenue Service During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Conflict. authority of a district commissioner. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. [1994], p. 80). The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. Socialization. Orientation be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? Domestic Unit. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Movement. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Kasozi, A. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. It does not store any personal data. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Trade. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The main point of contact Acholi | people | Britannica 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. 30. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. London: James Currey. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. comparably flat. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Political organisation - Wikipedia Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. This made the chiefs more independent from Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Politics has been around for millennia. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. London: James Currey. Religious Practitioners. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. With colonial rule Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. The Southern Lwoo language group The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included against the central government. (1976). that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. The Acholi region and language 51. social control in the area. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. ." "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Orientation Orientation The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was This included both agricultural and hunting land. Conflict. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Girling, F. K. (1960). southern parts of the country. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. southern part of the country relatively young. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. interpolity interactions at the county level. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Political Organization. Social Organization. Political Organization. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. Malandra, Alfred (1939). This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Shilluk Acholi However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Webster, J. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Industrial Arts. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the named Luo. thesis, University of Nairobi. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. As some of these languages show some form in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. ." He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. It is common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). Certain rwodi and The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership In . Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Arts. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Encyclopedia.com. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Dholuo Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. deaths. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. This has continued in various guises ever since. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Ceremonies. [CDATA[ (1991). Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Jur Alur At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home.