Because of Japan's many far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine life and mineral resources in the ocean. Comissão de Elaboração da História dos 80 Anos da Imigração Japonesa no Brasil, Japan Is Back: Why Tokyo’s New Assertiveness Is Good for Washington, Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation, Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India, Table: Net Official Development Assistance In 2004, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Tokyo says it will bring troops home from Iraq, Japan's NSC meets for first time, with ADIZ issue on agenda, Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, En décembre 2018, le Japon a annoncé sa décision d'augmenter son budget consacré à la défense et prévoir d'acheter aux États-Unis 45 chasseurs furtifs F-35 supplémentaires au cours des cinq prochaines années. The islands of Japan were created by tectonic plate movements, The Pacific Plate and Philippine Sea Plate are subduction plates. [34] From November 8, 2011, Tokyo City began accepting rubble and waste from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami region. Major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis occur several times per century. the East Asian continent or South-East Asia. The average farm size in Hokkaido is 26 hectares per farmer in 2013. The Korean Peninsula was landlocked on the entire west and south side in the Yellow Plane. This dried and closed the exit straits of the Sea of Japan one by one. [2] Japan is scarce in critical natural resources and has long been heavily dependent on imported energy and raw materials. Until the 1960s the death toll was hundreds of people per typhoon. There is one time zone in the whole Japanese archipelago. This is because the oceanic plate's litosphere has a higher density. Climat . Kumamoto (熊本市, Kumamoto-shi?) Yamashita Park in Yokohama City was made with rubble from the great Kantō earthquake in 1923. Hokkaido is near Sakhalin, which was occupied by Japan from 1905 to 1945. It triggered a large tsunami and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, one of the worst disasters in the history of nuclear power.[139]. [141][142] The Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji did not have a lava flow, but it did release some 800 million cubic metres (28×10^9 cu ft) of volcanic ash. Cette fiche propose des informations essentielle sur le Japon (géographie, climat, éducation, logement, gastronomie, habilletement) et se termine sur une note ludique: les élèves devront colorier un dessin codé en ayant préalablement répondu à un quiz. Japan has stratovolcanoes near the subduction zones of the tectonic plates. They are recommended for ministerial designation and managed by the prefectures under the supervision of the Ministry of the Environment.[98]. [63] Erosion and shifting sands caused the new island to merge with Nishinoshima. Precipitation is very heavy in the south and heavy in the summer in the north. [9] It has the smallest population of 1,301,462 (2014) and the highest population density of 1,083.6 km2 (418.4 sq mi). Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago. The total area is 789.88 square kilometres (304.97 square miles). Rue du quartier Sanmachi. [134] There is no daylight saving time. Mount Fuji broke the Japanese record lows for each month except January, February, March, and December. The Taiheiyō Belt is a megalopolis that includes the Greater Tokyo Area and Keihanshin megapoles. Elle se distingue de la météorologie qui désigne l'étude du temps à court terme et dans des zones ponctuelles. Climat . Tokyo has a humid, subtropical climate with warm summers and cool winters, that can occasionally be very cold. [24] The Pacific coastline north of Tokyo, the coast of Hokkaidō, and the Sea of Japan coast are generally unindented, with few natural harbors. ", "Japan's international cooperation for energy efficiency and conservation in Asian region", "Centuries worth of rare earth elements found in Japan's EEZ", "Japan National Aquaculture Sector Overview", "World fisheries production, by capture and aquaculture, by country (2010)", "Japan nuclear power-free as last reactor shuts", "Is Japan the Next Boom Market for the Geothermal Energy Industry? On peut les classer en climats froids, climats tempérés et climats chauds. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. 81% of the population lives on Honshu, 10% on Kyushu, 4.2% on Hokkaido, 3% on Shikoku, 1.1% in Okinawa Prefecture and 0.7% on other Japanese islands such as the Nanpō Islands. [96], Japan has 34 National Parks (国立公園, Kokuritsu Kōen) and 56 Quasi-National Parks (国定公園, Kokutei Kōen) in 2019. Couleurs de l'automne à Kofu, Yamanashi. The Japanese archipelago has diverse landscapes. [89] In 2005, Japan ranked sixth in the world in tonnage of fish caught. However this can be very costly, so for a private residential block of land, a Swedish weight sounding test is more common. It is considered a mature island arc. [86] As of 2019, the methane clathrate in the deep sea remains unexploited, because the necessary technology is not established yet. During the Paleolithic period around 20,000 BCE at the height of the Last Glacial Maximum, there was a land bridge between Hokkaido and Sakhalin which linked Japan with the Asian continent. [74] The continental shelves of the sea are wide on the eastern shores along Japan. Geographically the Kuril Islands are a northeastern extension of Hokkaido. Climat Modifier L’archipel est très étiré sur l’axe Nord-Sud de la latitude de Québec à celle de Cuba, le Japon possède une gamme climatique étendue. L’île de Hokkaidō et le nord de Honshū connaissent un climat tempéré de type continental (acadien), avec des étés doux et des hivers froids avec de fortes chutes de neige qui tiennent au sol durant plusieurs mois. The Japanese archipelago is surrounded by eight ocean currents. 92,169 millions de shintoïstes (72,5 % de la population) ; 87,126 millions de bouddhistes (68,6 % de la population) ; près de 1,951 millions de chrétiens (1,5 % de la population) ; autres religions : 8,974 millions de Japonais (7,1 % de la population). The Sea of Japan has a surface area of 978,000 km2 (378,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 1,752 m (5,748 ft) and a maximum depth of 3,742 m (12,277 ft). The west coast facing the Sea of Japan is less densely populated. [24], Japan has 108 active volcanoes. [26] Nearly one fourth of Japan's arable land and 22% of Japan's forests are in Hokkaido. [50] The sense of motion is consistent with the direction of the Nankai Trough's oblique convergence. Elle est aujourd'hui, avec ses palais impériaux, ses milliers de sanctuaires shinto et de temples bouddhistes, le cœur culturel et religieux du pays. It is located south of Honshu and northeast of Kyushu. Japan ranks 5th with sea volume of 2,000–3,000 meters, 4th with 3,000–4,000 meters, 3rd with 4,000–5,000 meters and 1st with volume of 5,000 to over 6,000 meters. Most regions of Japan, such as much of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, belong to the temperate zone with humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by four distinct seasons. [citation needed] Land was reclaimed from the sea and from river deltas by building dikes and drainage and rice paddies on terraces carved into mountainsides. Elle fut de 794 à 1868 la capitale impériale du Japon, sous le nom de Heian-kyō. In Okinawa, the rainy season starts early in May and continues until mid June. Japan extends from 20° to 45° north latitude (Okinotorishima to Benten-jima) and from 122° to 153° east longitude (Yonaguni to Minami Torishima). It excludes the disputed Kuril islands known as the northern territories. The southern tip of Kyushu and the Ryukyu islands are located on the, In the Sea of Japan, the northwest seasonal wind in winter gives heavy snowfall, which south of. Le climat correspond aux conditions météorologiques moyennes (températures, précipitations, ensoleillement, humidité de l'air, vitesse des vents, etc.) La température moyenne de ces deux catégories est supérieure à 10 °C pendant au moins quatre mois et inférieure à −3 °C (ou 0 °C selon la définition choisie) pendant le mois le plus froid. The coolest summer temperatures are found on the northeastern coast of Hokkaidō in Kushiro and Nemuro Subprefectures. Chaque carnet peut contenir des récits de voyage, albums photo, avis, cartes avec itinéraires et carnets de route. In Tokyo, the Japanese capital, the climate is temperate, with fairly mild, sunny winters and hot, humid and rainy summers. Since the Kikai Caldera is submerged, it is unclear how much damage the hot ash clouds would cause if much volcanic ash stays below the ocean surface. East of the undersea mountain ranges are three oceanic trenches: the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench (max depth 10,542 m (34,587 ft)), Japan Trench (max depth 10,375 m (34,039 ft)) and Izu-Ogasawara Trench (max depth 9,810 m (32,190 ft)). The geographical location of the Japanese archipelago has defined the Sea of Japan for millions of years. The warmest month is August, when temperatures hover around 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26 degrees Celsius), while the coldest month is January, averaging just … In the aftermath of the event, experts agreed that the intensity of this storm was fueled by our changing climate. Climat. [68] On 6 April, the Japanese coast guard said that the earthquake shifted the seabed near the epicenter 24 metres (79 ft) and elevated the seabed off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture by 3 metres (9.8 ft). [24] The longest, the Shinano River, which winds through Nagano Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture and flows into the Sea of Japan, is 367 km (228 mi) long. Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and the Kuril islands had mammoth steppe biome (steppe-tundra). [24] Five or six typhoons pass over or near Japan every year from early August to early October, sometimes resulting in significant damage. The underwater ash would be swept away by ocean currents. Late 20th and early 21st century projects include artificial islands such as Chubu Centrair International Airport in Ise Bay, Kansai International Airport in the middle of Osaka Bay, Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise and Wakayama Marina City. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Minami-Tori-shima has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) and the highest average temperature in Japan of 25 degrees Celsius. The city of, The Aso Caldera stretches 25 kilometers north to south and 18 kilometers east to west in, The Kikai Caldera is a massive, mostly submerged caldera up to 19 kilometres (12 mi) in diameter in the Ōsumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Port Island, Rokkō Island and Kobe Airport were built in Kobe. Sapporo is a city with a significant rainfall. By May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power plants were taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors to service. The land bridge disappeared when the sea levels rose in the Jōmon period around 10,000 BCE.[22]. Satellite images at night show a dense and continuous strip of light (demarcating urban zones) that delineates the region with overlapping metropolitan areas in Japan. [143] In Edo, the volcanic ash was several centimeters thick. [33], Approximately 0.5% of Japan's total area is reclaimed land (umetatechi). [48][49] The MTL begins near Ibaraki Prefecture, where it connects with the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ISTL) and the Fossa Magna. For example, maps and geography textbooks divide Japan into the eight regions, weather reports usually give the weather by region, and many businesses and institutions use their home region as part of their name (Kinki Nippon Railway, Chūgoku Bank, Tohoku University, etc.). 藤田和男ほか監修 佐々木詔雄ほか編著 『天然ガスの本』 日刊工業新聞 2008年3月25日初版1刷発行, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. Climate … These are the Aira Caldera, Kikai Caldera and Aso Caldera. Subduction zones are sites that usually have a high rate of volcanism and earthquakes. For example, during the 20th century several new volcanoes emerged, including Shōwa-shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin-shō off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific. However, its climate varies from cool humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) in the north such as northern Hokkaido, to warm tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south such as the Yaeyama Islands and Minami-Tori-shima. Weather, Climate & Earthquake Information Warnings/Advisories. Reclamation of 80% to 90% of all the tidal flatland was done. It has more than 1,000 species and subspecies. The Japan Trench is created as the oceanic Pacific Plate subducts beneath the continental Okhotsk Plate. Géographie et climat du Japon; Sports et loisirs au Japon; Vie pratique au Japon; Visiter le Japon; Pour avoir plus de précisions ainsi que des avis de voyageurs, posez vos questions dans le forum sur le Japon. Approximately 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of oceanic floor has passed under the Japanese archipelago in the last 450 million years, with most being fully subducted. Sakhalin uses UTC+11:00 even though it is located above Hokkaido. [44], The subduction zone is where the oceanic crust slides beneath the continental crust or other oceanic plates. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 26 décembre 2020 à 13:30. Climat . It runs parallel to Japan's volcanic arc, passing through central Honshū to near Nagoya, through Mikawa Bay, then through the Seto Inland Sea from the Kii Channel and Naruto Strait to Shikoku along the Sadamisaki Peninsula and the Bungo Channel and Hōyo Strait to Kyūshū. Le climat du Japon n’est pas simple à décrire : cet archipel tout en longueur et couvert de montagnes ne possède pas les mêmes... où partir en février : choix du pays au soleil - mackoo.com Toxic substances were discovered in the soil and groundwater at Toyosu. Japon-UE : Un accord de partenariat historique, Avec Naruhito, le Japon à l'orée d'une nouvelle ère, L'empereur du Japon : « maître du Ciel » garant des institutions laïques, L'Occident face au spectre de la « japonification », Le Japon dit au revoir à son empereur « révolutionnaire », En images : au Japon, 30 ans de règne de l'empereur Akihito, Au Japon, l'empereur Akihito a abdiqué : un changement d'ère mais la même volonté de moderniser la dynastie. La classification des climats la plus usuelle est la classification de Köppenqui distingue cinq grands types de climats, désignés par des lettres majuscules, chacun de ces grands types contenant plusieurs sous-types : 1. tropical (A) : pas de saison froide 1.1. équatorial (fortes précipitations toute l'année) 1.2. tropical à saison sèche plus ou moins longue 2. sec (B) : précipitations faibles ou insuffisa… Professor Yoshiyuki Tatsumi, head of KOBEC told the Mainichi Shimbun “the probability of a gigantic caldera eruption hitting the Japanese archipelago is 1 percent in the next 100 years” with a death toll of many 10s of millions of people and wildlife. The rate of motion on the MTL is much less than the rate of convergence at the plate boundary. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) proposes two hypothetical future scenarios. [136], As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are common. The easternmost Japanese island Minami-Tori-shima also uses Japan Standard Time while it is geographically 1,848 kilometres (1,148 mi) southeast of Tokyo and in the UTC+10:00 time zone. Sunshine, in accordance with Japan's uniformly heavy rainfall, is generally modest in quantity, though no part of Japan receives the consistently gloomy fogs that envelope the Sichuan Basin or Taipei. [24] It is followed by hot, sticky weather. Beyond the pyroclastic area is volcanic ash that falls from the sky. Tempêtes et cyclones peuvent survenir entre juin et juillet. There are small deposits of coal, oil, iron and minerals in the Japanese archipelago. [24] These air flows are full of moisture and deposit substantial amounts of rain when they reach land. About 80 million of the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific coast of Honshu.[21]. [2], Japan has the third largest geothermal reserves in the world. Pour obtenir toutes les informations sur le climat et la météo à Tokyo d'un mois précis, cliquez sur la ligne correspondante ci-dessous : Mois Températures Notre avis Détails ; Janvier: 5°/10° 6j. [94] Shinzo Abe’s government seeks to restart the nuclear power plants that meet strict new safety standards and is emphasizing nuclear energy's importance as a base-load electricity source. En général, le Japon, voisin de la Chine et de la Russie, bénéficie d'un climat tempéré et plutôt agréable. In Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture, there have been frequent accidents with natural gas that was released naturally from the Minami Kantō gas field. [23] In modern times, the inflow of people is managed via the seaports and airports. This deluge flooded hundreds of thousands of homes and, tragically, claimed over 200 lives. Approximately 0.7% of the Japanese population lives there. [24] The Pacific coastline south of Tokyo is characterized by long, narrow, gradually shallowing inlets produced by sedimentation, which has created many natural harbors. The Ryukyu Islands and Nanpō Islands are south and east of the main islands.. [71], The Sea of Japan was a landlocked sea when the land bridge of East Asia existed circa 18,000 BCE. "Du fait de sa situation nord-sud, le climat au Japon est extrêmement varié. Les Japonais sont fiers de leurs quatre saisons (un grand nombre d'entre eux sont persuadés que ce phénomène est unique au Japon), mais un touriste libre de choisir ses dates devrait viser le printemps ou l'automne. [13] In 2010, 90.7% of the total Japanese population lived in cities. Currently no underwater city is constructed yet. It was characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches. The second largest plain is the Nōbi Plain 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi) with the third-most-populous urban area Nagoya. Record lows for any month were taken as recent as 1984. Thus it has not naturally filled with sediment. The climate from June to September is marked by hot, wet weather brought by tropical airflows from the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia. During the Edo period the Tokugawa Shogunate enforced the Sakoku policy which prohibited most foreign contact and trade from 1641 to 1853. Examples of land reclamation in Japan include: Much reclaimed land is made up of landfill from waste materials, dredged earth, sand, sediment, sludge and soil removed from construction sites. In a year, the rainfall is 1435 mm | 56.5 inch. The pyroclastic flows could reach much of Kyushu. [9] The Ryukyu Islands and Nanpō Islands are south and east of the main islands. [15] The continuous subduction process causes frequent earthquakes, tsunami and stratovolcanoes. En janvier, les températures matinales minimales avoisinent 8 °C, et l'après-midi 14 °C. It has the second smallest population of 3,845,534 million (2015)[9][116] and the third highest population density of 204.55 km2 (78.98 sq mi). If in another scenario, the wind blows in a different direction then the Volcanic ash could flow westward or southward and affect e.g. [34], Japan has become a world leader in research on causes and prediction of earthquakes. To the north the Sea of Okhotsk separates it from the Russian Far East, to the west the Sea of Japan separates it from the Korean Peninsula, to the southwest the East China Sea separates the Ryukyu Islands from China and Taiwan, to the east is the Pacific Ocean. Le macaque japonaisest le seul primate vivant au Japon, il est présent dans presque tout l'archipel. The south side has few rain and snow. Kunashiri and the Habomai Islands are visible from the northeastern coast of Hokkaido. Les Japonais sont fiers de leurs 4 saisons (un grand nombre d'entre eux sont persuadés que ce phénomène est unique au Japon), mais le touriste libre sur ses dates devrait viser le printemps ou l'automne. La mer joue un rôle extrêmement important dans la vie et l'économie japonaises. Three of the four major islands (Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku) are separated by narrow straits of the Seto Inland Sea and form a natural entity. So currently there are few deep sea mining projects to retrieve minerals or deepwater drilling on the ocean floor. [73], The northern part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented until orogenesis of the northeastern Japanese archipelago began in the Late Miocene. Le Japon est un archipel montagneux. Partez au Japon au printemps et notamment en avril pour profiter de températures agréables et de la floraison des cerisiers. Découvrez Quand partir au Japon pour avoir un climat favorable. [68] A 400-kilometre (250 mi) stretch of coastline dropped vertically by 0.6 metres (2 ft 0 in), allowing the tsunami to travel farther and faster onto land. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu. There are 6,852 islands in total. A l'opposé, le « Japon de l'envers », tourné vers la Chine est p… The Greater Tokyo Area on Honshu is the largest metropolitan area (megacity) in the world with 38,140,000 people (2016). By 1977, the amount of land reclaimed totaled 172.03 square kilometres (66.42 sq mi).[35]. Monthly climate reports and four types of long-range forecast are issued for the 11 areas. It forms a Minami Kantō gas field in the area spanning Saitama, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Ibaraki, and Chiba prefectures. They extend from the Izu Peninsula west of Tokyo Bay southward for about 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), to within 500 kilometres (310 mi) of the Mariana Islands. On a sunny day, the Tennoji ward of Osaka is a good place to join a crowd watching two Go masters go at it. Marc Bernabé et Anne-Sophie Thévenon (traduction), Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, contrôle, de vérification et d’inspection des, position créancière nette vis-a-vis du reste du monde, troisième IDH ajusté aux inégalités le plus élevé, Rouleaux illustrés des invasions mongoles, Sphère de coprospérité de la Grande Asie orientale, bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, élections législatives japonaises de 1946, attentat au gaz sarin dans le métro de Tokyo, traité de coopération mutuelle et de sécurité entre les États-Unis et le Japon, Liste des villes du Japon par nombre d'habitants, conférence de 2019 sur les changements climatiques, Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, Coopération économique pour l'Asie-Pacifique, Fédération des organisations économiques japonaises, premier au palmarès des importateurs mondiaux de céréales au milieu des années 2010, deuxième exportateur mondial de cuivre au milieu des années 2010, agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise, ministère des Affaires intérieures et des Communications, liste des codes internationaux des plaques minéralogiques, liste des préfixes des codes OACI des aéroports, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Organisation internationale des constructeurs automobiles, positions d'investissement nettes des principaux pays, La Tribune - Les pays du monde les plus endettés - 11/02/2010, La dette publique brute du Japon a augmenté de 69% à 240% du PIB entre 1990 et 2017, Températures, précipitations, conditions météo prédominantes, MÉTÉO AU JAPON : Températures et prévisions gratuites, La Suisse en faveur de la reprise de la chasse à la baleine, COP25 : malgré les critiques, le Japon reste le grand parrain du charbon, https://www.msn.com/fr-fr/actualite/monde/immigration-ill%c3%a9gale-le-japon-r%c3%aave-et-cauchemar-fran%c3%a7ais/ar-BB1aKJWs, La Chine est devenue le premier importateur de produits japonais, Au Japon, les seniors portent des exosquelettes pour travailler plus longtemps, Accord de libre-échange et de partenariat économique Suisse-Japon (ALEPE) – Opportunités pour l’économie suisse, https://www.nouvelles-du-monde.com/durant-lere-heisei-le-japon-a-connu-une-deterioration-profonde-des-conditions-de-travail/, Ministère des Affaires intérieures et des Communications, Le manque de places dans les cimetières inquiète les musulmans du Japon. It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from southwest to northeast and a wide southern part narrowing toward the north. Lake Biwa was created by plate tectonics in an active rift zone. There are currently no protective measures to minimize the spread of millions of tons of deadly hot ash during a VEI-7 eruption. [24] They are separated from the continent by the Sea of Japan, which serves as a protective barrier. It is the largest island country in East Asia and 4th largest island country in the world.[10]. The Japanese can close their civilization with an isolationist foreign policy. Okayama (岡山市, Okayama-shi, Japanese: ) is the capital city of Okayama Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan. There was still several kilometers of sea to the west of the Ryukyu islands, and most of the Sea of Japan was open sea with a mean depth of 1,752 m (5,748 ft). This will help Japan meet climate change commitments. [64][65] A 1911 survey determined the caldera was 107 m (351 ft) at its deepest. Nuclear power is a major domestic source of energy and produced 9.2 percent of Japan's electricity, as of 2011[update], down from 24.9 percent the previous year. Geothermal energy is being heavily focused on as a source of power following the Fukushima disaster. The Osaka Plain is connected with Kyoto and Nara. The capital Tokyo and the largest metropolitan population is located there. [137] More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, a 9.1-magnitude[138] quake which hit Japan on March 11, 2011. It has a population of 1,445,812 (2017) and a density of 622 km2 (240 sq mi). There are three major plains in central Honshū. In July of 2018, a devastating downpour in western Japan forced 2 million people to evacuate their homes. Carnets de voyage au Japon - Page 4 Découvrez sur cette page les carnets de voyage au Japon proposés par les Visoterriens. If the volcanic ash continuously flows eastward, then the ash fall would make it impossible to live in most parts of Japan (the main islands) because of a paralysis of traffic and lifelines for a limited period until the eruption subsides.

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