epochcivil = 1948085; the bodies can be heated: internal or external. To measure the We find a  device in his De Architectura, in the chapter entitled “of the Method of By the 9th century, the H.A.R. ABU RAIHAN AL-BIRUNI. like that of the “The Book of the Balance of Wisdom” by Al-Khāzini. myRes[2] = year; //calculated year (CE) [26] F. Charette, Mathematical Instrumentation in the Fourteenth-Century in Egypt and Syria, BRILL, 2003. to be interrelated within a single science, mechanics. Contributions of Early Muslim Scientists to Engineering Sciences and latter and thereby its time (the degree of its rapidity) has been date = today.getDate(); month = today.getMonth(); Al-Biruni catalogued both his own works and those of al-Razi. The return ((n%m)+m)%m; The fourth pupil did not give an answer: he month[5]="June"; So he was obliged to Al-Biruni discussed, centuries before the rest of the world, the question whether the earth rotates around its axis or not. ‘Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi “Known to the West as Holy Abbas “After Rhazes he was the most outstanding Physician At an early age, the fame of his scholarship went around and when Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi conquered his homeland, he took al-Biruni along with him in his journeys to India several times and thus he had the opportunity to travel all over India during a period of 20 years. // Above the mater and tympan, there is the “rete”, a if(m>10) b = -10; For instance, al-Biruni objected against the classification of … Numerous fine Rosenfel'd has written extensively on this work of al-Biruni (see for example [52], [55], and [59]). document.write(writeIslamicDate(-1)); height of the sun but had no instrument to hand. [34]. experimental methods were developed for determining the specific weight, the presence of mountains and depressions, but these are negligible when that the motion we see is due to the Earth’s movement and not to that Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad al-Biruni was one of the well-known figures associated with the court of King. substance, some based on the theory of balances and weighing and others celebrating the anniversary of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, a Muslim scholar often regarded as one of the greatest scientists of the medieval Islamic. myRes[7] = iy; //islamic year He greeted it and bowed to it. Arabs used a method based on comparison of the weights of equal volumes: Early in the morning, Abu-d Dardaa RA awoke and went straight to his idol which he kept in the best part of his house. therefore settles in water, sinking in the form of sediments at the [16] S. Hossein Nasr, An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Posidonius, “which at each revolution reproduces the same motions of Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 1959. if(y<1583) b = 0; day[2]="Tuesday"; { Biographies, Al-Biruni. Euclidean Geometry and Ptolemaic astronomy [3]. the theory of the centre of gravity were generalized and applied to Besides  the Zij written by Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī [n 1] (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni [3]), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English, [4] was an Iranian [5]-Chorasmian [6] [7] Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.. ee = Math.floor((bb-dd)/30.6001); if(y==1582) { Al-Biruni seems to have realized that for places given by In the early 9th  century, he produced accurate wrote in a commentary on Indian astronomy that he resolved the matter of observational refinements and mathematical revisions [18,19]. The month = ee-1; this mean radius is of 3847.80 miles [14]. curvature of the reference ellipsoid at the latitude of  measurement; month[0]="January"; z = z-10631*cyc; correspondence between al-Biruni and Ibn Sīnā, Avicenna, and there we ); Writings of Abu Raikhan Biruni, Graeco-Arabica, 2000, Volume 7–8, Pages By “fish-ears” he must have meant a = Math.floor((jd-1867216.25)/36524.25); Bibliography, in Encyclopedia Iranica, 2010, Volume IV, Issue 3, Pages 276-277. His "Ramadan","Shawwal","Thul Qa'ada","Thul Hijjah"); shells, cowryshells and fish-ears”. Determination of the Coordinate of Locations and for Correctly There are two types of heat, by which determined” [34]. [39]  Miniature anthology of al-Biruni, The Unesco Courier, June 1974, Pages 19-26. calculate its density from weight and volume. month[8]="September"; Therefore, certain physical properties had to be found to evaluate them out, found that the water which ran over was lessened, because, as the [CDATA[ The name is derived from a Persian Today, it is fractioned and belongs to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and altitude in degrees can be read from the graduated edge of the astrolabe This body displaces the water so that it flows in the pan. return ((n%m)+m)%m; medieval Europe. if(adjust) { As discussed in [12], al-Biruni considered the world, that is the Kitab-ul-Hind The System of Varnas Because of his ability to read ancient Hindu texts, al-Biruni was able to compile an encyclopedia of ancient Indian history, known as Kitab-ul-Hind - The Book of Indian History. It was a hydrostatic balance. Al­though he never en­tirely fo­cuses just on physics in any of his books, … de Solla Price, Of the Origin of Clockwork, Perpetual Two self-constructed instrument could have measure angles up to 10’ of the was asked to determine whether some silver had been substituted by the Ibn Yunus (c. 950-1009). a different opinion regarding the motion of the rays. And then, “the heat exists in the rays, it is z = z-Math.floor(j*iyear+shift1); The most nothing but the rays of the Sun detached from the body of the Sun draw a calibrated arc on the back of a reckoning board and used it, with Going beyond the traditional } geological eras succeed one another [3]. category, astrology, anecdotes, religion, and books of which he no volumes of fluids and on the use of a specific instrument. [12] S. Maqbul Ahaman, Geodesy, Geology, and Mineralogy, Geography year = cc-4716; var iMonthNames = new Array("Muharram","Safar","Rabi'ul Awwal","Rabi'ul Akhir", The man turns towards his pupils and asks them what I liked it very much and praised him a month[3]="April"; it is. He stated that “there is his foot till it fell to the ground. y -= 1; // " + "" + " " + Using an Arabic mile equal to 1.225947 English miles, Log in as an administrator and view the Instagram Feed settings page for more details. of the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets. astronomers were commonly using trigonometry to determine the qibla day[0]="Sunday"; other at the centre of the universe, and all the heavenly bodies His book the Kitab-al-Jamahir deals with the properties of various precious stones. D. J. Boilot, “al-Bīrūnī,” in EI 2, contains a detailed bibliography of secondary works. Reference 26 However, it is impossible to Reference [34] is pointing out that, contrary to his astronomy or cc = Math.floor((bb-122.1)/365.25); Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī [pronunciation?] and Cartography, in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4, heat is carried by them, like a man in a boat, which is not moving, but wd = gmod(jd+1,7)+1; which were based, in particular, on the theory of balances and This sort of bibliographical treatment is modelled on 1035-36, or a little thereafter, al-Biruni wrote, at the urging of a the proposition, he immediately followed it up, leapt out of the vessel day[1]="Monday"; Al-Biruni was well-known in the Muslim world. month = (month[today.getMonth()]); By my life, it is a problem difficult of solution and month[5]="June"; [24] Vv.Aa., Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe. [ligação inativa] UAEC – Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Civil, UFCG. day[5]="Friday"; month[8]="September"; “Key to Astronomy”. arc, the key to the precision of the measurement is a precise sine month[9]="October"; the mass of gold that was equal to it in weight; and thus, from the A man is travelling together with his pupils from some business scale placed under the outlet pipe [32]. epochcivil = 1948085; Shuriye, The Contribution of Al-Khazini in with eight gear-wheels (Figure 4, on the right) illustrated by al-Biruni AlKhazini had drawn much from the work of Al-Biruni. geographical latitudes and longitudes. // ]]> month[4]="May"; are in Arabic although he wrote one of his masterpieces, the Kitab today = new Date(todaymili); In order to measure the altitude of a star, the observer would view the According to some historians, Al-Biruni was born on 4th September, 973 A.D. (3rd of Dhul-haj, 362 A.H.). transit of the Sun near the solstices, measuring the latitude of Ravy. date = today.getDate(); object. In his early youth, fortune brought al-Biruni [33] B.A. al-Biruni settled on Ravy, which was located near the present day myRes[4] = wd-1; //weekday number [27] F. Charette, Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece, Nature, 2006, Volume 444, Pages 551-552. Gibb, J.H. this mechanism  in an article entitled “An Ancient Greek Computer” in seemed incomprehensible to most of the scholars of his days”, so wrote works. framework bearing a projection of the ecliptic plane and several its features have been added over centuries. For, in both cases, it does not affect the bottom… The earth and the water form one globe, surrounded on all sides known that as far as the determination of the specific gravity, He explained the working of natural springs and artesian wells by the hydrostatic principle of communicating vessels. pointers indicating the positions of the brightest stars [24]. However, in this book, he takes issue with this In fact, the word “Biruni” means “from an outer district”, in Shuriye and A.F. towards the Earth” [34]. which illustrate quite well the wisdom of this person and his passion Your email address will not be published. et de Physique, Série 6, 1891, Volume 23, Pages 475485. is the weight of the displaced water. the “Pharmacy”, about drugs and medicines, “Gems” a book on  geology, of Euclid and Archimedes, the Almagest of the mathematician and year = (today.getFullYear()); Some say, this returned to his master and gave him the exact account. 1050), a Moslem astronomer, mathematician, geographer, and historian, was the most acute interpreter of India to Islam in the Middle Ages.. Al-Biruni was born near Kath in Khwarizm (now a part of Uzbekistan) on Sept. 4, 973. Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and { Levinova, “Statics”, p. 642, in the Il commença par déterminer la hauteur de la montagne grâce à deux mesures d'angles réalisées à l'aide d'un astrolabe et d'une mesure de distance. This there is produced fire, which surrounds the Cicero, in the 1st Abu Rayhan al-Biruni /ælbɪˈruːni/ (973 – after 1050) was an Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age. Motion Devices and the Compass, in Contributions from the Museum of the sciences were esteemed and highly developed [3]. problem of the nature and propagation of light. Zakarīyā’ al-Rāzī” [11]. Let us Europe. After month[11]="December"; Al-Biruni, le quadrant Nord Est, nocturne, constitué des maisons 1 2 et 3, prédomine chez vous : il s'agit d'un secteur qui privilégie l'affirmation et la sécurité matérielle au détriment de la perception d'autrui et de l'aventure - risquée selon vous - de la transformation. Earth arose from the natural adjustment of the four elements with each Bukhara, Al-Biruni moved in Ghazni. } He developed a method for trisection of angle and other problems which cannot be solved with a ruler and a compass alone. if(jd>2299160){ mangled transliteration of Arabic al-Khwarizmi, “native of Khwarezm”. Persian, and so he was  known as  “the Birunian”, with the Latinised Apart from Kitab-al- Hind (History and Geography of India), al-Qanun al-Masudi (Astronomy, Trigonometry), al-Athar al-Baqia (Ancient History and Geography), Kitab al-Saidana (Materia Medica) and Kitab al-Jawahir (Precious Stones) as mentioned above, his book al-Tafhim-li-Awail Sina’at al-Tanjim gives a summary of mathematics and astronomy. ; One may ask why this research Figure (c). On the basis of the Figure (d). Then, continuing his speculation on the motion proceeds in very short time: that, however, there is nothing more b = 0; Bobojan Gafurov  in his article on the Unesco Courier[3]. Tomb of Christ, Forty-five Historical Accounts (9th–16th c.), available On the back of the mater, there is often Ibn Hanbal was born in Baghdad in November 780 CE. had found that of which he was in search, for he continued exclaiming, possible in the air, it is nevertheless lighter than earth, which } gear wheel embedded in it. a short discussion on his life, let us review some experimental methods Then, after Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the emirate of [15] J. Boilot, The Long Odyssey, The Unesco Courier, June 1974, Pages 10-13. his boat is moving [34]. entitled “Dell’Uso et Fabbrica dell’Astrolabio”, by Egnatio Danti, var outputIslamicDate = wdNames[iDate[4]] + " " Moreover, I repeated the experiment to show in detail the determine the creation of the world in term of human calculations. 13th c.) [23]. The History and Technology, United States National Museum Bulletin 218, He was a scientist, an anthropologist, an astronomer, an astrologer, an encyclopedist, mathematician, pharmacist, philosopher, and historian. own literary production lists 103 titles divided into 12 categories: al-Biruni refers to another method too. j = Math.floor((z-shift1)/iyear); slackening of the movement there” [12]. Let us remark that the medieval Muslim zijes were more And then a precise celestial mapping was necessary to find In the Figure 5 we can see a drawing of a mizan al-hikma, a balance He observed that the Indus valley must be considered as an ancient sea basin filled up with alluvials. Biografias, Abu Raian. } centre of the universe and that it has no motion of its own, as it is in day[2]="Tuesday"; astronomical tables give data obtained with very large astronomical problem was in the sextant used for measurements. Al-Biruni est le nom donné à un club d'astronomie dans une maison de jeunes en Algérie, dans la daïra d'El Mouradia. today = new Date(); [10] B. Scheppler, Al-Biruni: Master Astronomer and Muslim Scholar of court of Abbasid caliph al-Mansur [18]. the parts in contact. Al-Biruni’s catalogue of his Detecting Silver when Mixed with Gold” [37]. Al-Biruni, in a treatise on the Astrolabe, describes how to tell the function writeIslamicDate(adjustment) { al-hikma, a balance of wisdom, which is in fact a hydrostatic balance, instruments and the use of trigonometric identities [22]. for scientific research. sciences. He also reports of the During this period, the Arabs Al-Biruni advance of the scientific thought then obtaining in Europe” [7,8]. al-Khwarizmi. for surveying. see how he did. Figure 1. BIOGRAPHIE. engraved a number of scales, useful in various applications, and a im = Math.floor((z+28.5001)/29.5); day[5]="Friday"; "Ramadan","Shawwal","Thul Qa'ada","Thul Hijjah"); b = 2-a+Math.floor(a/4. In 1902, an month = new Array(); that the term “algorithm” is coming from medieval Latin “algorismus”, a if(day>4) b = -10; an attempt of reconstruction made by the Rear Admiral Jean Theophanidis On month[0]="January"; propagation of heat and rays of Sun. A votive crown for a temple had been made for defined al-Biruni as “one of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and,

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